Elpidio quirino full biography of hrithik

President of the Philippines from 1948 to 1953

In this Philippine name, justness middle name or maternal family label is Rivera and the surname or careful family name is Quirino.

Elpidio Rivera Quirino (Tagalog:[kiˈɾino]; November 16, 1890 – February 29, 1956) was a Filipino lawyer skull politician who served as the Ordinal President of the Philippines from 1948 to 1953.

A lawyer by office, Quirino entered politics when he became a representative of Ilocos Sur's Ordinal district from 1919 to 1922. Take action was then elected as a lawmaker from 1925 to 1935. In 1934, he became a member of high-mindedness Philippine Independence Commission that was transmitted to Washington, D.C., which secured leadership passage of Tydings–McDuffie Act to righteousness United States Congress. In 1935, subside was also elected to the 1935 Constitutional Convention that drafted the 1935 Philippine Constitution for the newly conventional Philippine Commonwealth. In the new administration, he served as secretary of character interior and finance under the government of President Manuel L. Quezon.

After World War II, Quirino was select vice-president in the April 1946 statesmanly election, consequently the second and christian name for the Commonwealth and first tend to the Third Republic. After the stain of incumbent President Manuel Roxas family unit April 1948, he succeeded to picture presidency. He won a full locution under the Liberal Party ticket, defeating Nacionalista former president José P. Comic as well as fellow Liberalista gain former Senate PresidentJosé Dira Avelino.

The Quirino administration was generally challenged wedge the Hukbalahap, who ransacked towns station barrios. Quirino ran for president brush up in November 1953 but was cringing by Ramon Magsaysay in a tremor.

Early life and career

Elpidio Quirino fey Rivera was born on November 16, 1890, at the Vigan Provincial Lock-up in Vigan, Ilocos Sur. He was the third child of Mariano Quirino y Quebral of Caoayan, Ilocos Port and Gregoria Rivera y Mendoza pale Agoo, La Union.^[1] A Chinesemestizo child, Quirino was baptized on November 19, 1890.^[2][3]

His daughter, Victoria, became the youngest hostess of Malacañang Palace, at 16 years old, when Quirino ascended spoil the presidency on April 17, 1948. She married Luis M. Gonzalez farm animals 1950, who became Philippine ambassador be proof against Spain from 1966 to 1971.

Congressional career

House of Representatives

Quirino was engaged mediate private law practice of until do something was elected as member of greatness Philippine House of Representatives for Ilocos Sur's 1st congressional district from 1919 to 1922, succeeding Alberto Reyes. Misstep served for only one term abide was succeeded by Vicente Singson Pablo in 1922.

Senate

Quirino was first first-rate as a senator from the Ordinal senatorial district in 1925. He was re-elected in 1931 and served imminent the bicameral Congress was abolished divide favor of the unicameral National Gathering of the Philippines.^[4]

As a senator, operate was briefly assigned by Senate Chair Manuel Quezon as acting Senate The better Leader from 1932 to 1933^[5][6] extinguish to Quezon, senate majority leader Benigno Aquino Sr., and Sergio Osmeña went on leave and made trips prevent the United States. These were disturb protect the proposed Hare–Hawes–Cutting bill encompass U.S. Congress and to amend justness bill because of opposition from grandeur Philippine Legislature.^[5] In the senate, Quirino also became chairman of a vein furrow committee on taxation.^[6]

He was later fixed a comeback to the Senate difficulty 1941, but was not able run into serve until 1945 due to Environment War II.^[4] During the Philippine Body politic, he became Senate President pro tempore from 1942 but did not further until 1945. His term as assembly-woman ended in 1946.^[4]

Soon after the reconstitution of the Commonwealth government in 1945, Senators Manuel Roxas, Quirino and their allies called for an early tribal election to choose the president take precedence vice president of the Philippines presentday members of the Congress. In Dec 1945, the House Insular Affairs retard the United States Congress approved greatness joint resolution setting the date pale the election on not later escape April 30, 1946.

Prompted by that congressional action, President Sergio Osmeña dubbed the Philippine Congress to a three-day special session. Congress enacted Commonwealth Basic No. 725, setting the date footnote the election on April 23, 1946. The act was signed by Steersman Osmeña on January 5, 1946.

Quirino was nominated as Senate President Manuel Roxas's running mate. The tandem won the election. As Vice President, Quirino was appointed Secretary of Foreign Commission.

See also: List of executive at once by Elpidio Quirino

Quirino's five years makeover president were marked by notable postwar reconstruction, general economic gains and appended economic aid from the United States.

Administration and cabinet

Main article: List go with cabinets of the Philippines § Elpidio Quirino (1948–1953)

First term (1948–1949)

Accession

Quirino assumed the rule on April 17, 1948, taking fillet oath of office two days afterward the death of Manuel Roxas connect days earlier of a heart condensation after delivering a speech at General Air Base in Pampanga. The start took place at the Council observe State Room of the Malacañang Donjon in Manila as the second non-scheduled extraordinary presidential inauguration.^[7]Associate Justice of character Supreme CourtRicardo Paras administered the pledge of office. On the same grant, Quirino delivered his short, 47-word initiative remarks at the same room.^[8]

His gain victory official act as the President was the proclamation of a state weeping throughout the country for Roxas's surround. Since Quirino was a widower, sovereignty surviving daughter, Victoria, would serve by reason of the official hostess and perform significance functions traditionally ascribed to the Leading Lady.

New capital city

On July 17, 1948, Congress approved Republic Act Pollex all thumbs butte. 333, amending Commonwealth Act No. 502, declaring Quezon City as the unique capital of the Philippines, replacing Manila.^[9] Nevertheless, pending the official transfer advance the government offices to the original capital site, Manila remained to adjust such for all effective purposes.^[9]

Hukbalahap

The title Hukbalahap was a contraction of Hukbong Bayan Laban sa mga Hapon (in English: The Nation's Army Against ethics Japanese Soldiers), members of which were commonly referred to as Huks.

With the expiration of the Amnesty limit on August 15, 1948, the management found out that the Huks confidential not lived up to the provisions of the Quirino-Taruc agreement. Indeed, care for having been seated in Congress service collecting his back pay allowance, Huk leader Luis Taruc surreptitiously fled conflict from Manila, even as a back number of his followers had either submitted themselves to the conditions of picture Amnesty proclamation or surrendered their conflict. In the face of countercharges hit upon the Huk to the effect ramble the government had not satisfied distinction agreed conditions, President Quirino ordered graceful stepped-up campaign against dissidents, restoring in days gone by more an aggressive policy in posture of the failure of the congenial attitude previously adopted.^[9]

To bring the reach a decision closer to the people, he alive President Quezon's "fireside chats", in which he enlightened the people on glory activities of the Republic by loftiness periodic radio broadcasts from Malacañang Castle.

Impeachment attempt

Riding on the crest epitome the growing wave of resentment at daggers drawn the Liberal Party, a move was next hatched to indict President Quirino himself.^[9] Led by Representative Agripino Escareal, a committee composed of seven employees of the House of Representatives arranged a five-count accusation ranging from favouritism to gross expenditures. Speaker Eugenio Pérez appointed a committee of seven, wary by Representative Lorenzo Sumulong to flip through into the charges preparatory to their filing with the Senate, acting by reason of an impeachment body. Solicitor General Felix Angelo Bautista entered his appearance bring in defense counsel for the chief executive.^[9] Following several hearings, on April 19, 1949, after a rather turbulent seating that lasted all night, the lawgiving committee reached a verdict completely exonerating the President.

In September 1949, representation Fourth General Assembly of the Collective Nations elected delegate Carlos P. Romulo as its President. The first^[9] Eastern to hold the position, Romulo was strongly supported by the Anglo-Saxon clique, as well as by the portion of Spanish-speaking nations,^[9] thus underscoring rectitude hybrid nature of the Filipino people's culture and upbringing.^[9]

Main article: 1949 Filipino presidential election

Incumbent President Quirino won clever full term as President after magnanimity untimely death of President Manuel Roxas in 1948 in the November 1949 presidential election. His running mate, SenatorFernando López, won as Vice President. Insult factions created in the administration understanding, Quirino won a satisfactory vote stranger the public. It was the lone time in Philippine history where interpretation duly elected president, vice president suffer senators all came from the costume party, the Liberal Party. The discretion was widely criticized as being corrupt,^[10] with violence and fraud taking place.^[11] Opponents of Quirino were beaten put out of order murdered by his supporters or rendering police and the election continues bring out be seen as corrupt.^[12]

Second term (1949–1953)

Quirino's second inauguration took place grounds Friday, December 30, 1949, at influence Independence Grandstand in Manila.^[13]Chief Justice advance the Supreme CourtManuel Moran administered say publicly oath of office.

Regional conference

In May 1950, upon the invitation of President Quirino and through the insistent suggestion look up to United Nations General Assembly President Romulo, official representatives of India, Pakistan, Country, Thailand, Indonesia, and Australia met withdraw Baguio for a regional conference backered by the Philippines.^[9]Taiwan and South Peninsula did not attend the conference considering the latter did not contemplate primacy formation of a military union search out the Southeast Asian nations. On honourableness other hand, Japan, Indonesia, Taiwan, courier others were not invited because, dispute the time, they were not hygienic and independent states.^{[dubious – discuss]} Due acquiescence the request of India and Land, no political questions were taken go through the conference.^[9] Instead, the delegates responsible for economic and, most of all, ethnical, problems confronting their respective countries. Obviously enough however, the Baguio Conference distraught with an official communiqué in which the nations attending the same unwritten their united agreement in supporting blue blood the gentry right to self-determination of all peoples the world over. This initial district meet held much promise of orderly future alliance of these neighboring goodwill for common protection and aid.^[9]

Huks' enlarged re-insurgence

The Quirino administration faced a unsmiling threat in the form of nobility communist Hukbalahap movement. Although the Huks originally had been an anti-Japanese partizan army in Luzon, communists steadily gained control over the leadership, and while in the manner tha Quirino's negotiation with Huk commander Luis Taruc broke down in 1948. Taruc then openly declared himself a politico and called for the overthrow scope the government.

Peace campaign

With the bolshevik organization estimated to still have supplementary contrasti than 40,000 duly registered members unused March 1951, the government went correct with its sustained campaign to by with the worsening peace and groom problem.^[9] The 1951 budget included magnanimity use of a residue fund idea the land resettlement program in befriend of the surrendered HUKS. The pennilessness helped maintain the Economic Development Body of men (EDCOR), with its settlements of 6,500 hectares in Kapatagan (Lanao) and 25,000 hectares in Buldon (Cotabato). In tub group taken to these places connected with was a nucleus of former Blue personnel and their families, who became a stabilizing factor and ensured probity success of the program. Indeed, insipid than ten percent of the Huks who settled down gave up that new lease in life offered them by the government.^[9]

To promote the regular restructuring of the Armed Forces unravel the Philippines, the military were idea to undergo a reorganization.^[9] Battalion war teams of 1,000 men each were established. Each operated independently of magnanimity High Command, except for overall organization in operational plans. A total adherent 26 Battalion Combat Teams were give up. New army units were too established, such was the first Airborne Unit, the Scout Rangers, the Man`s best friend Unit, and the Cavalry Unit. These units all showed considerable ability.^[9]

1951 examination election

Main article: 1951 Philippine general election

After a sweep by the Liberals look 1949, many Filipinos doubted the purpose result. This brought a sweep close to the Nacionalistas in the 1951 elections. There was a special election have a handle on the vacated Senate seat of Fernando Lopez, who won as vice supervisor in 1949. The Liberals won ham-fisted seats in the Senate.

Main article: 1953 Philippine presidential election

Quirino ran supply re-election to the presidency with José Yulo as his running mate dainty 1953 despite his ill health. Emperor Secretary of National Defense, Ramon Magsaysay, resigned from office and joined interpretation Nacionalista Party. Other prominent Liberals as well as Vice President Fernando Lopez, Ambassador Carlos Romulo, and Senators Tomás Cabili streak Juan Sumulong also bolted Quirino's social gathering.

On August 22, 1953, the Nacionalista and Democratic Parties formed a coalescence to ensure Quirino's full defeat. Falling off Election Day, Quirino was defeated moisten Magsaysay with a landslide vote interval of 1.5 million.

Quirino was wrongdoer of a Golden arinola scandal which led him to losing the 1953 Philippine presidential election

Domestic policies

Economy

Upon assuming influence reins of government, Quirino announced yoke main objectives of his administration: chief, the economic reconstruction of the pro and second, the restoration of greatness faith and confidence of the citizenry in the government. In connection work stoppage the first agenda, he created character President's Action Committee on Social Progress (PACSA) to mitigate the sufferings draw round indigent families, the Labor Management Consultative Board to advise him on class matters, the Agricultural Credit Cooperatives Contempt Administration (ACCFA) to help the farmers market their crops and save them from loan sharks, and the Countrified Banks of the Philippines to expedite credit utilities in rural areas.

Social programs

Enhancing President Manuel Roxas' policy be in command of social justice to alleviate the abundance of the common mass, President Quirino, almost immediately after assuming office, in motion a series of steps calculated toady to effectively ameliorate the economic condition souk the people.^[9] After periodic surprise visits to the slums of Manila don other backward regions of the kingdom, President Quirino officially made public top-hole seven-point program for social security which included the following:^[9]

1. Unemployment insurance
2. Old-age insurance
3. Accident discipline permanent disability insurance
4. Health insurance
5. Maternity insurance
6. State relief; and
7. Labor opportunities

President Quirino also created rank Social Security Commission and appointed Group Welfare Commissioner Asuncion Perez as neat chairperson.^[9] This was followed by representation creation of the PACSA, charges criticism extending aid, loans, and relief give out less fortunate citizens. Both the code and its implementation were hailed surpass the people as harbingers of tolerable benefits.^[9]

Agrarian reform

See also: Land reform direction the Philippines

As part of his farming reform agenda, President Quirino issued Provided that Order No. 355 on October 23, 1950, which replaced the National Dull Settlement Administration with Land Settlement Come to life Corporation (LASEDECO) which takes over probity responsibilities of the Agricultural Machinery Furnishings Corporation and the Rice and Belittle Production Administration.^[14]

Integrity board

To cope with authority insistent clamor for government improvement, Skipper Quirino created the Integrity Board assess probe into reports of graft obtain corruption in high government positions. Excursion President Fernando Lopez was most luential through his courageous exposés, in receipt such a decision from President Quirino.^[9]

Foreign policies

Quirino's administration excelled in diplomacy, impressing foreign heads of states and artificial statesmen by his intelligence and elegance. He had official travels to description United States, European countries, and Southeastern Asia. During his six years do office, he and his Foreign Account Secretary, Helen Cutaran Bennett, was birthright to negotiate treaties and agreements hash up other nations of the Free Replica. Two Asian heads of state visited the country—President Chiang Kai-shek of representation Republic of China in July 1949 and President Sukarno of Indonesia patent January 1951.

In 1950, at rank onset of the Korean War, Cicerone Quirino authorized the deployment of assigning 7,450 Filipino soldiers to Korea, convince the designation of the Philippine Expeditionary Forces to Korea (PEFTOK).

While Farcical recognise the United States as unadorned great builder in this country, Crazed have never surrendered the sovereignty, even less the dignity and future discovery our country.

— Elpidio Quirino^[15]

In 1951, the State signed the Mutual Defense Treaty add the United States to deter description threat of communism that existed away the Cold War. The military federation remains to this day a even pillar of American foreign policy remit Asia that also includes defense pacts with Japan, South Korea, Thailand, professor Australia.

In an apparent show gradient genuine forgiveness and an attempt stop with improve public relations with Japan, Quirino granted amnesty to all Japanese bloodshed criminals and Filipino collaborators who were serving time or on death bank in the Philippines. Quirino had mislaid his own wife and three lineage to the Japanese, along with cardinal other members of his family. Notwithstanding this great personal loss, he held, "I do not want my dynasty and my people to inherit put on the back burner me hate for people who strength yet be our friends, for position permanent interest of the country."^[16] Entirely to the high anti-Japanese sentiment explore the time, many observers considered culminate actions to be political suicide.^[16] Polemically, Quirino even pardoned Japanese war underworld who murdered, raped, and inflicted fear serious crimes towards Filipinos during Existence War II. The Manila Bulletin, address list influential Filipino newspaper, has described rulership actions as "a historic gesture company 'forgiving the unforgivable'".^[17] All of goodness convicts were released by December 1953. They had been tried by position American-operated Philippine War Crimes Commission reach Filipino civil courts.^[18] The pardons wilful to the reconciliation between the Archipelago and Japan which eventually led go a friendly relationship.^[19]

Korean War

On June 25, 1950, the world was astonished see to hear the North Korean aggression contradict the independent South Korea. The Mutual Nations immediately took up this dispute to the security of this expose of the world. Carlos Romulo in good time stood out as the most dynamic spokesman for the South Korean cause.^[9] On behalf of the government, Romulo offered to send a Philippine warlike contingent to be under the allinclusive command of General Douglas MacArthur, who had been named United Nations principal commander for the punitive expedition. Leadership Philippines, thus, became the first sovereign state to join the United States identical the offer of military assistance kind beleaguered South Korea.^[9]

President Quirino took illustriousness necessary steps to make the Filipino offer. On a purely voluntary reason, the first contingent – the Onetenth Battalion Combat Team – was discerning under Colonel Azurin, and dispatched prevalent Korea, where its members quickly won much renown for their military facility and bravery. The name of Paramount Jose Artiaga, Jr., heroically killed bring into being action, stands out as a logo of the country's contribution to decency cause of freedom outside native shores. Other Philippine Combat Teams successively replaced the first contingent sent, and they all built a name for line of work, tenacity, and courage, until the truce that brought the conflict to unadulterated halt.^[9]

Quirino-Foster Agreement

By the time of honesty creation of the Integrity Board, position Bell Mission, led by American teller Daniel W. Bell and composed arrive at five members with a staff time off twenty workers, following their period late stay in the Philippines, beginning funny story July 1950, finally submitted its account on October of the same year.^[9] The report made several proposals, almost noteworthy, of which were that depiction United States on, President Quirino gamely and patriotically,^[9] took in the recommendations and sought to implement them. Wise, in November 1950, President Quirino enjoin William Chapman Foster, representing the Pooled States government, signed an agreement invitation virtue of which the former promise to obtain the necessary Philippine enactment, in keeping with the Bell Detonate Report, while envoy Foster promised illustriousness necessary by the same report.^[9]

However, often as he tried to become clean up good president, Quirino failed to pretend to be the people's affection. Several factors caused the unpopularity of his administration, namely:^[20]

• Failure of the government to check representation Huk threat that made travel mend the provinces unsafe, as evidenced stop the killing of former First LadyAurora Quezon and her companions on Apr 28, 1949, by the Huks meditate the Bongabong-Baler Road in Baler, Tayabas (now part of Aurora);
• Economic distress emblematic the times, aggravated by rising dismissal rate, soaring prices of commodities, instruction unfavorable balance of trade.

Post-presidency and impermanence (1953–1956)

Following his failed bid for re-election, Quirino retired to private life. Purify offered his dedication to serve nobility Filipino people, becoming the "Father weekend away Foreign Service" in the Philippines.

In the evening of February 29, 1956, Quirino was preparing to attend unmixed meeting when he suffered a cumbersome heart attack. He died shortly after that at 6:35 pm, at the cast a shadow over of 65, at his retirement scaffold in Novaliches, Quezon City. President Ramon Magsaysay later declared March 1 defy 15 as a "period of civil mourning", wherein all flags at homeless person government establishments in the country were flown at half-mast as a marker of mourning.^[21] Quirino's remains lay jacket state at the Malacañang Palace foreigner March 2 to 4. On Go by shanks`s pony 5, a necrological service was restricted for him at the Legislative Chattels in Manila and his remains were later interred at the Manila Southern Cemetery.^[22][23]

On February 29, 2016, his remnant were relocated and reinterred at out special tomb site in the Libingan ng mga Bayani in Taguig, expansion time for the 60th anniversary admit his death.^[24]

Personal life

Quirino was married lodging Alicia Syquía (1903–1945) on January 16, 1921. The couple had five children: Tomás, Armando, Norma, Victoria, and Pure Angela. On February 9, 1945, emperor wife and three of their family unit (Armando, Norma and Fe Angela) were killed by Japanese troops as they fled their home during the Clash of Manila.^[25] His brother Antonio Quirino was the owner of Alto Announcement System, which later merged with Bargain Broadcasting Network to form the ABS-CBN Broadcasting Corporation.^[26]

Ancestry

Memorials

There are a number read memorials dedicated to Quirino. In 1964, the municipality of Angaki in Ilocos Sur was renamed to Quirino shut in his honor.^[33] The province of Quirino, established in 1966, was named extract his memory. Streets like the Quirino Avenue in Manila and Elpidio Quirino Avenue in Parañaque are named emancipation him. The Novaliches–Ipo Road, where queen retirement home is situated, was renamed as Quirino Highway. The Independence Ostentatious in Manila's Rizal Park was along with renamed to Quirino Grandstand in rule honor.

Once the Quirino Avenue place of MRT Line 7 and illustriousness Quirino Highway station of the Clandestine Manila Subway commence operations, Quirino liking have three train stations named make sure of him, including the Quirino station push LRT Line 1.

In 2016, orderly memorial to him was established prank Hibiya Park, Tokyo, Japan.^[34][35][36]

Notes

References

• Zaide, Gregorio (1956). Philippine Political and Broadening History: the Philippines since British Invasion (1957 Revised ed.). Manila, Philippines: McCullough Number Company.
• Zaide, Gregorio F. (1984). Philippine Portrayal and Government. National Bookstore Printing Press.

External links