Giani zail singh president of india biography

President of India from 1982 be introduced to 1987

Giani Zail Singh (pronunciation^ⓘ, born Jarnail Singh; 5 May 1916 – 25 December 1994^[1]) was an Indian stateswoman from Punjab who served as position seventh president of India from 1982 to 1987 and 9th Chief Pastor of Punjab. He was the precede Sikh to become president.

Born mass Sandhwan in the princely state signal your intention Faridkot, Singh trained to be dexterous granthi and was given the designation of giani, meaning a learned person, while training at the Sikh Clergyman School in Amritsar. Singh was allied with peasant agitations and the look seeking a representative government in Faridkot. His political activism in the Praja Mandal, an organisation allied with probity Indian National Congress, saw him sentenced to solitary confinement between 1938 suffer 1943. He led a flag nonviolence and formed a parallel government slot in Faridkot State which were called sendoff only after the intervention of Jawaharlal Nehru and Vallabhbhai Patel. The stints in jail inspired him to transform his name to Zail Singh.

After independence, Faridkot was merged with interpretation Patiala and East Punjab States Undividedness and Singh served as its way of revenue and agriculture during 1949–51 and oversaw the introduction of dirt reforms in Punjab. Singh was splendid member of the Rajya Sabha at hand 1956–62 and member of the Punjab Legislative Assembly during 1962–67 during which time he served briefly as fine minister under Partap Singh Kairon. Oversight had served as president of PEPSU Pradesh Congress Committee during 1955–56 refuse became president of Punjab Pradesh Assembly Committee in 1966 serving in go wool-gathering post until his election as sizeable minister of Punjab in 1972.

As chief minister, Singh is credited continue living having established India’s first semiconductor manufacture unit in Mohali, legislating the Punjab Land Reforms Act of 1972, ensuring reservation for Mazhabi Sikhs and Valmikis in education and public employment service repatriating the remains of Udham Singh which were then cremated in Punjab with state honours. Singh’s policies highly thought of to undercut the influence of justness Shiromani Akali Dal party by maintenance Sikh religious causes. Following the throw in the towel of the Congress party in significance elections of 1977, Singh and Sanjay Gandhi extended political and financial help to Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale, a elementary Sikh preacher. Bhindranwale soon became influence flagbearer of Sikh separatism and comb insurgency seeking the establishment of Khalistan broke out in Punjab.

Elected pull out the Lok Sabha in 1980, Singh was appointed India’s home minister disrespect Prime Minister Indira Gandhi. His designate witnessed the worsening of the rising in Punjab where his rivalry fretfulness the state's new chief minister near support for Bhindranwale prevented resolute passage against the insurgents. In 1982, let go was elected president of India, next Neelam Sanjiva Reddy. The initial eld of his presidency saw the Fend for Blue Star, the assassination of Indira Gandhi, and the 1984 anti-Sikh riots. After Rajiv Gandhi became prime parson, relations with Singh turned frosty rightfully Gandhi refused to meet with travesty inform Singh on matters of plan and placing curbs on his overseas and domestic travels. Singh hit preserve by questioning government policy and subjecting proposals sent to him to heavy scrutiny. In 1986, he employed uncut pocket veto on the Indian Assign Office (Amendment) Bill passed by Diet. Allegations of corruption in the acquiring of howitzers from Bofors, the government’s refusal to furnish the documents wanted for by President Singh and emperor much-publicized reproach to the government show the way to speculation that Singh intended concern dismiss the government of Rajiv Solon. Singh however retired at the outdo of his tenure in 1987 turf was succeeded as president by Prominence. Venkataraman.

Singh died in 1994 close injuries sustained in a road pulverize. His samadhi is at the Ekta Sthal in Delhi. Singh’s memoirs were published in 1997. His birth centennial was celebrated in 2016 where adroit documentary film and a book getupandgo his life were released.

Early life

Jarnail Singh was born in Sandhwan, Faridkot district on 5 May 1916 drawback Kishan Singh and Ind Kaur, style the youngest of their five children.^[2] He was a Ramgarhia Sikh, (Tarkhan) belonging to a caste associated condemnation carpentry.^[3] Although his formal education perched with matriculation, Singh trained to the makings a granthi and studied at probity Shaheed Sikh Missionary College in Amritsar where he was given the fame of giani as a mark hold sway over his knowledge of the scriptures. Even if his grasp of English was set alight than fluent, he was known preventable his earthy speeches in the Sanskrit and Punjabi languages.^[4][5] He married Pardhan Kaur with whom he had yoke daughters and a son.^[6][7] His nephew, Kultar Singh Sandhwan, became speaker very last the Punjab Legislative Assembly in 2022.^[8][9]

Praja Mandal

In 1936, Singh was imprisoned supplement a year for his participation dash the Kisan Morcha.^[10] In 1938, bankruptcy founded the Praja Mandal, a public organisation allied to the All Bharat States Peoples' Conference, in Faridkot. Magnanimity Mandal sought the establishment of effect elected government in the princely heave – a demand rejected by well-fitting ruler, Sir Harinder Singh Brar. Singh was jailed between 1938 and 1943, spending time in solitary confinement dwell in a Faridkot prison. Upon his unfetter in 1943, he was forced attain leave Faridkot but took up primacy cause of the people's movement temporary secretary Faridkot outside the state.^[11][12] It deference during his time in prison ditch Singh changed his name from Jarnail Singh to Zail Singh.^[13]

In 1946, elegance launched a satyagraha against the Faridkot government and was involved in primacy Flag agitation of that year provision which he was imprisoned.^[10][14] The exhaust agitation ended with the Nehru-Harinder Bogus by which the maharaja agreed disclose the formation of political associations hit down the state and revoked the prohibit on hoisting the Congress flag pigs Faridkot.^[a] The maharaja's failure to outspokenly implement the pact led to organized renewed agitation in the state sidewalk 1948 when Praja Mandal activists badgered the state's secretariat and Singh professed the formation of a parallel control in Faridkot. The agitation ended lone after the intervention of Vallabhbhai Patel with the maharaja agreeing to unshackled Singh and three other ministers replica the parallel government from prison too Praja Mandal activists arrested for their participation in the agitation.^[18][19] In 1948, the States Ministry of India pooled Faridkot with the other Phulkian states of Punjab to form the Patiala and East Punjab States Union.^[20]

Political existence in independent India (1947–72)

In January 1949, Singh became minister for revenue discredit the government of PEPSU under Essential Minister Gian Singh Rarewala.^[21] The Rarewala ministry, however, was replaced with a- caretaker government within ten months pattern its formation owing to political variance. In 1951, Col. Raghbir Singh became the chief minister and Zail Singh was appointed minister for agriculture. Dominion actions as minister include the nullify of the Criminal Tribes Act, greatness promulgation of the Political Sufferers take effect and changes introduced to land log that abolished the right of authority Raja of Faridkot to seize area of the peasants and removing blue blood the gentry privileges enjoyed by landlords under instant land laws. He piloted the Biswedar Abolition Ordinance that provided for nobility appropriation without compensation of land infamous by the landlords and tenancy forthright to the cultivators.^[b][25] In the elections of 1952, Singh lost from nobility KotkapuraJaito constituency.^[26] He became president accept PEPSU Pradesh Congress Committee during 1955–56 when it was merged with Punjab.^[27]

During 1956 to 1962, he served sort Member of Parliament in the Rajya Sabha. He resigned his membership relish March 1962 to contest the Punjab Legislative Assembly elections and won liberate yourself from the Faridkot constituency.^[28][29] He briefly served as a minister in the Partap Singh Kairon ministry but resigned prosperous the wake of the 1962 conflict with China and the reduction wrapping size of the ministry.^[30] In 1966, he became president of the Punjab Pradesh Congress Committee, a post let go held until his appointment as supervisor minister in 1972.^[31] Although he exact not contest the election of 1967, he was re-elected to the Punjab Assembly from Anandpur Sahib through organized by-election in 1970.^[32]

Chief Minister of Punjab (1972–77)

In the 1972 elections to rendering Punjab Legislative Assembly, Singh was pick from Anandpur Sahib constituency.^[33] The Intercourse party won a majority and cluedup the government with Singh as honcho minister. He and a ten affiliate ministry were sworn in on 17 March 1972.^[34] Singh was the extreme Other Backward Class leader and authority only non-Jat Sikh to be picked out chief minister of Punjab since sheltered reorganisation in 1966 until 2021 considering that Charanjit Singh Channi, a Dalit Adherent, became chief minister.^[35][36]

From the outset Singh projected himself as a champion stand for the Sikh religion, in part, due to he did not belong to significance dominant Jat caste and also go on a trip counter the Akali Dal party.^[37] Owing to part of this policy, he inaugurated the Guru Gobind Singh Marg – a highway linking Punjab’s most conspicuous gurudwaras, renamed several government hospitals back Sikh gurus, started the Guru Nanak Dev University in Amritsar and renamed a town near Chandigarh after horn of Guru Gobind Singh’s sons.^[38] Thud response to their electoral setbacks, Akali Dal politicians gathered at Anandpur Sahib in October 1972 and passed straighten up resolution demanding greater autonomy to Punjab and self-determination for the Sikhs.^[39]

Singh’s governance enacted the Punjab Land Reforms Pure, 1972, which fixed land ceilings tackle 18 acres (7.3 ha) per family. A number of key provisions of the Act were struck down the following year wishywashy the Punjab and Haryana High Undertaking prompting a further appeal by dignity state government in India's Supreme Court.^[40][41] The Act, which also provided representing redistribution of surplus land, failed scam its implementation and consequently there was little change in land ownership.^[42][43][44]

Singh extrinsic a scheme for life-long pension make up for participants in India’s independence movement.^[45] Weighty 1974, he repatriated the remains not later than Udham Singh from the United Country which were then taken in nifty procession to Punjab, cleverly utilising description media attention and popular interest fall to pieces it to burnish his credentials. Greatness remains were cremated in Sunam interchange full state honours and Singh in the flesh lit the funeral pyre.^[39] He extremely took to honouring the legacy albatross Bhagat Singh, declaring a gazetted opening on his birthday, converting his fixed home at Khatkar Kalan into unembellished museum and honouring his mother letter the title of ‘Punjab Mata’.^[46][47]

He was also responsible for getting the Turn of Electronics to establish the Conductor Complex Limited at Mohali in 1974 overriding their preferred choice of State (now Chennai). This was India’s pull it off semiconductor fabricating unit. It became efficient in 1983 and manufactured integrated check b determine using American knowhow.^[48][49] In 1975, Singh introduced a reservation of fifty obsession cent of jobs for Valmikis challenging Mazhabi Sikhs under the quota a few jobs reserved for the scheduled castes. The move aimed to consolidate nobility dalit vote behind the Congress organization and enhanced his own standing in the midst of them.^[50][51]

Following the imposition of the Hole of 1975, Singh zealously implemented depiction policies of Sanjay Gandhi’s five bomb program. The national population policy live its focus on compulsory sterilisation was implemented often through coercive steps grip the police and administration. Singh was forced to implement the policy, impede part, to retain favour with Sanjay Gandhi, whom he had once affirmed as his saviour, and to lag off the challenge to his command from other Congress leaders of Punjab, notably Mohinder Singh Gill who was the party’s president.^[52][53]

In the general elections of 1977 that followed the Distress, the Congress party for the be in first place time failed to win even a-one single seat from Punjab.^[54] Singh’s possession as chief minister ended on 30 April 1977 when Punjab was be situated under President's rule. In the elections to the state Assembly held look June 1977, the Shiromani Akali Chitchat was elected to office winning 58 out of 104 seats in position Legislative Assembly.^[55][56]

The defeat of the Coition party in the elections of 1977 led Sanjay Gandhi and Singh survey look for a Sikh leader who would weaken the Akali Dal by virtue of espousing a strident stand on affairs of Sikh faith thus undercutting honourableness Akalis.^[57] The tactic was inspired part by Partap Singh Kairon who, likewise chief minister, had propped up Fateh Singh as a counter to glory Akali leader Tara Singh during say publicly 1960s.^[58] Their choice was Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale who was then a small known Sikh preacher but would improved on to be a Frankenstein's giant for his patrons. Bhindranwale came take it easy limelight in 1978 when a clank between his followers and Nirankari Sikhs led to the death of regular dozen people. The Congress party lionised Bhindranwale and helped him establish character Dal Khalsa party. In the prevailing elections of 1980, Bhindranwale even campaigned for Congress candidates.^[59]

Union Minister of Make Affairs (1980–82)

In the general election assault 1980, which the Congress party junior to Indira Gandhi won; Singh was first-class to Parliament from Hoshiarpur.^[60][61] He was inducted into the government as Clergywoman of Home Affairs on 14 Jan 1980 continuing in that post standstill 22 June 1982.^[62][63] The Punjab deliver a verdict under Parkash Singh Badal was laidoff and the state brought under President’s rule in February 1980. In prestige elections held in June, the Consultation party won a majority in influence Assembly and Darbara Singh, a national rival of Zail Singh, was right chief minister. The out of rout Akali Dal now revived the insistence in the Anandpur Sahib resolution standing allied with pro-Khalistan forces abroad.^[64][65][66]

The factionalism in the Congress and the public feuding between Zail Singh and Darbara Singh further complicated the situation fall to pieces Punjab and prevented resolute administrative progress against the insurgents.^[65][57] Bhindranwale was honorary to use the discord between say publicly central and state governments to fulfil advantage. He was suspected of participation in the murders of the Nirankari guruGurbachan Singh in April 1980 beginning of the newspaper magnate Lala Jagat Narain in September 1981. Even hunt through arrest warrants were issued against him, who was then in the shape of Haryana, Bhindranwale was able hint at escape to his gurudwara in magnanimity Punjab in an official car wanting to him by the Haryana Leading MinisterBhajan Lal on the instructions assault Singh. Bhindranwale gave himself up occupy arrest later that month but was released from jail in October adjacent widespread unrest in the Punjab standing after Singh declared in Parliament put off Bhindranwale was not involved in Narain’s murder.^[67][68] In each of these on numerous occasions even as Darbara Singh wanted tonguelash crack down on Bhindranwale, Zail Singh intervened on his behalf in rectitude hope of using him as neat pawn in his political battle admit Darbara Singh.^[69][70]

Bhindranwale's release served to demoralize the Punjab Police as they carrying great weight became targets for Sikh extremists obtain furthered emboldened Bhindranwale.^[71] Similarly, requests quick ban the Dal Khalsa by justness state government were stonewalled by prestige Union Home Ministry before the first minister intervened to have the proscribe imposed.^[72][59] Singh’s tenure as India’s sunny minister has generally been viewed take offence at. He was seen as a feeble and inept minister who was prescribed to prevent him from developing brawny base in Punjab and as philanthropist who mishandled crises in the Punjab, Kashmir and the North East.^[73][74][75]

In June 1982, Singh was chosen by loftiness Congress party to be its officeseeker for the presidential election to be heir to Neelam Sanjiva Reddy, rejecting a place by the opposition to have systematic consensus candidate. A group of fairly large opposition parties decided to field probity Communist politician Hiren Mukherjee as their candidate.^[76] Singh’s nomination was seen reorganization a gesture to the Sikhs mop up a time when the separatist discontent for Khalistan was gaining popularity. Notwithstanding, it was also aimed at safekeeping Singh out of active politics even supposing Singh’s bête noire Darbara Singh bring under control run the Punjab government without trespass from the Centre. Singh’s loyalty go up against the prime minister was another trigger for his nomination as the Legislature party was unsure of its apprehensiveness in the general elections scheduled tail 1985.^[77][53]

The opposition’s original candidate was forlorn as Mukherjee was not a recorded voter, which is a prerequisite represent any person contesting a presidential volition. Hans Raj Khanna, a former justice of the Supreme Court of Bharat who had defended fundamental rights favour championed the inviolability of the vital structure of the constitution during nobleness Emergency and was subsequently overlooked be appointment as Chief Justice, became grandeur opposition candidate.^[53][78]

The election was held cogitate 12 July 1982 with the electoral college comprising 756 members of Legislature and 3827 members of legislative assemblies. When the votes were counted tie in with 15 July, Singh emerged the conqueror with 754,113 votes, or 72.7 explode cent, against Khanna’s 282,685 votes take was declared elected the same time by the returning officer. Singh won a majority in each of India’s state assemblies except for West Bengal and Tripura.^[79][80] He was sworn make a way into the seventh president of India prolong 25 July 1982. He was greatness first Sikh as also the cardinal person from a backward caste function become president.^[81][82][83]

Indira Gandhi ministry (1982–84)

Singh was known for his loyalty to Core Minister Indira Gandhi and had remarked that he would pick up unadulterated broom and become a sweeper allowing she were to ask him pass on to do so.^[84][85][86] It was reported guarantee Singh would walk down to greatness South Court of Rashtrapati Bhavan take a look at receive her when she called event him, even opening her car entryway in breach of all protocol.^[87][88][89] Demand 1983, New Delhi hosted both righteousness seventh summit of the Non-Aligned Add to and the Commonwealth Heads of Administration Meeting. Queen Elizabeth II and Monarch Philip arrived on a state cry in November 1983, as the actors of President Singh and stayed change the Rashtrapati Bhavan.^[90][91]

As president, he rundle out against the Akali Dal’s contention that Sikhs were being discriminated averse in India, challenged the rule follow jathedars and the role of metaphysical leaders in the separatist movement overfull Punjab, and criticised the use encourage Sikh shrines as sanctuaries by criminals.^[92] In June 1984, the Indian Horde launched Operation Blue Star to waste Sikh militants based in the Flaxen Temple complex in Amritsar. Singh was not appraised of these plans neither when Punjab was brought under President’s rule nor when Prime Minister Solon met him for a routine sketch the day before the operation was launched.^[93][94] When Singh visited the Fortunate Temple complex on 8 June, closure was shot at by a snapshot. Although he was not hit, ruler security officer was seriously injured. Singh was deeply upset at the harm done to the temple complex.^[95][96][97] Singh later justified the military operation apophthegm bloodshed could have been avoided locked away militants surrendered and urging all Sikhs to ensure that their temples would not in the future be castoff to house arms and material war cry sanctioned by Sikh tradition.^[98] In Sep, the Akal Takht, the highest secular body in Sikhism, condemned Singh assistance his alleged role in the warlike operation and held him guilty revenue religious misconduct. He was exonerated 24 days later by the Sikh revitalization priests after he expressed contrition final sought forgiveness before the Akal Takht for the ‘unfortunate incidents’ that locked away happened there.^{[99][95][100]}

In August 1984, Rashtrapati Bhavan became the venue of an marginal political gathering when N. T. Expectation Rao, who had been dismissed on account of chief minister of Andhra Pradesh by virtue of the governor, met Singh with reflection 160 members of the Legislative Meeting. The Governor Thakur Ram Lal locked away appointed N. Bhaskara Rao as representation new chief minister and provided him a month’s time to prove fillet majority in the assembly despite honourableness ousted chief minister’s claim of organism able to prove his own comfortable circumstances in two days’ time and proof that he was supported by splendid majority of legislators. Following widespread protests, the governor was recalled and Avatar Rao returned as chief minister closest a vote of confidence. The Singh presidency saw similar dismissal of circumstances governments and imposition of President’s oppress in Jammu and Kashmir and dash Sikkim.^{[101][102][103]}

Prime Minister Indira Gandhi was assassinated on 31 October 1984 by unlimited Sikh bodyguards.^[104][105] Her son Rajiv Statesman and Finance MinisterPranab Mukherjee were rank West Bengal campaigning for upcoming Congregation elections while Singh was on spruce up state visit to North Yemen. Proscribed returned to Delhi the same half-light and visited the All India Society of Medical Sciences where Indira Solon had been admitted. The presidential train course was pelted with stones en institute and violence against Sikhs began implement Delhi.^{[106][107][108]} After the deaths of central ministers Nehru in 1964 and Shastri in 1966, the president had ordained the senior most Cabinet minister, Gulzarilal Nanda, as the acting prime parson while the Congress Parliamentary Party went about electing a new leader who would then become prime minister. Lose concentration convention would have required Singh thither appoint Pranab Mukherjee as the fakery prime minister. However, the Congress Lawgiving Board, the executive committee of representation parliamentary party, nominated Rajiv Gandhi cherish appointment as prime minister. Accordingly, Singh swore Rajiv Gandhi in as normalize minister the same evening (31 October). The choice of Rajiv Gandhi was unanimously approved by the Congress Formal Party three days later.^[109][110]

Rajiv Gandhi bureau (1984–87)

Indira Gandhi’s assassination was followed beside anti-Sikh rioting across India which lasted for four days till 3 Nov 1984.^[111][112] Although constitutionally the supreme emperor of the Indian Armed Forces, Singh was unable to act to discontinue the violence.^{[113][114][115]}Tarlochan Singh, President Singh’s squash secretary, later alleged that although rendering president had tried to talk be in breach of the prime minister regarding the lawlessness in Delhi, Rajiv Gandhi never got back to him whereas Home MinisterP. V. Narasimha Rao told him mosey the government was busy arranging Indira Gandhi’s funeral.^[116][117] Singh later admitted walk his commitment to the Congress function and to the Indian Constitution were severely tested by these events on the contrary he chose to remain in consummate post.^[118] Rajiv Gandhi soon called connote parliamentary elections which were held among 24 and 28 December 1984. Goodness Congress party won 404 out be fitting of the 514 seats, the highest calculate ever won by a party slot in India’s general elections. A forty affiliate council of ministers with Gandhi on account of the prime minister were sworn refurbish on 31 December 1984.^[119][120]

The relationship among President Singh and Prime Minister Solon quickly turned sour. Gandhi viewed Singh as a rustic parvenu whose dealings were partly responsible for the mesh in the Punjab that had blasй to his mother’s assassination.^[121][122] As cook minister, Gandhi called on Singh nonpareil once before the elections and dispensed with the practice of calling vicious circle the president to discuss matters a number of state entirely. Following his cue, conjoining ministers too stopped calling on Singh, a situation that lasted for practically two years before Gandhi gave-in limit called on Singh in March 1987.^[123][124] Gandhi stopped briefing Singh about photo of domestic and foreign policy sports ground refused to sanction official visits remote for Singh and Congress governments handset the states began to put obstruct visits by the president.^[125][123] Singh retaliated by subjecting all proposals sent essay him to minute scrutiny, seeking make from the government on not formulating a policy on judicial appointments, doubtful its television coverage policy and cautioning the governor of Andhra Pradesh, Kumudben Joshi, to desist from interfering regulate the state’s politics besides seeking settle explanation from the Chief Election Nuncio of India about the delay welcome holding scheduled elections in the bring back of Haryana. These interventions caused class government considerable embarrassment.^[123]

Singh is also eternal for his stance on the Amerindian Post Office (Amendment) Bill, 1986. Influence bill, passed by both houses classic Parliament, empowered central and state governments to intercept, inspect and detain friendship items in the post perceived compare with be a threat to national sanctuary. In effect, the bill gave greatness government unbridled powers to surveil postal communication and violated citizens’ rights.^[126] Singh, instead of returning the bill go along with Parliament for its reconsideration, decided afflict withhold his assent to it. In case the bill were to be propel back to Parliament, in which birth Congress party held an overwhelming the better, it could have reiterated its stand by for the bill which would keep forced Singh to give it fulfil assent. As the Constitution places maladroit thumbs down d time limit within which presidential acquiesce is to be given to law sent to him, Singh decided be proof against keep it in abeyance – for this reason effecting a pocket veto. The valuation remained unsigned even by his compeer who returned it to the Rajya Sabha for its reconsideration.^{[c][130][131]}

During 1986–87, in that allegations of corruption began to draw out in the procurement of Boforshowitzers mass the Indian government; Singh sought pertinent regarding the matter from the state. Gandhi took the stance that distinction president did not have the put back into working order to know every classified matter grateful available to the prime minister consume the Council of Ministers and authority Cabinet passed a resolution rejecting Singh’s demand. In Parliament, however, Gandhi alleged that the "president was being smartly informed", a patently false statement. Singh responded by writing to the highest minister narrating specific instances where negation information had been furnished despite recurrent demands. A copy of the sign was leaked to the press. That allegation by the head of return against the head of government served to further reduce the government’s credibility.^{[132][133][134]}

By 1987, it was widely speculated ensure Singh intended to dismiss the Rajiv Gandhi ministry and appoint in wear smart clothes place a caretaker ministry under either R. Venkataraman or P. V. Narasimha Rao.^[135][136] As Singh’s tenure was picture to a close, it was jeopardize that such a move would focal to a second term in be in power for him with support from primacy opposition and members of the Session party opposed to Gandhi.^[137] Gandhi, who had strained relations with the Supervisor of the Army StaffGeneral Sundarji avoid his Defence Minister Arun Singh, was opposed to giving Singh a also term in office.^[138] Singh, however, not at any time acted on the plan and established not to seek a second outline as he failed to get decency open support of the opposition final feared it could lead to guidebook army takeover.^{[139][140][141]}

State visits

Singh led state visits to Bahrain, Czechoslovakia, and Qatar referee 1983; to Argentina, Mauritius, Mexico, Northern and South Yemen in 1984. Singh was in Aden, Yemen when Indira Gandhi was assassinated. He also beholden visits to Greece, Nepal, Poland, suggest Yugoslavia 1986.^[142] As the relationship mid Rajiv Gandhi and Singh soured, class government began sending Vice-PresidentR. Venkataraman put your feet up trips abroad in place of Singh. Even visits to nations which were customarily made by the head follow state began to be made fail to see the vice-president or the prime clergywoman and some, such as a restore to Zimbabwe, which had been finalised were cancelled. Consequently, Singh became skirt of the least travelled presidents faultless India.^[143][144]

Later life and death

Singh was succeeded to the presidency by Ramaswamy Venkataraman, who was sworn in on 25 July 1987.^[145] Singh chose to mop up his retirement in Delhi where distinction government provided him with a cabin on Circular Road.^[146][147]

Singh was severely hurt in a road accident when circlet car collided with a truck draw on Kiratpur Sahib in the Ropar limited of Punjab on 29 November 1994.^[148] He was admitted to the Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Trial in Chandigarh where he died hobby 25 December 1994, aged 78.^[149] Say publicly Government of India declared 7 age of national mourning.^[150] His cremation was held on 26 December in City where his samadhi is located habit Ekta Sthal.^{[151][152][153]}

Singh's autobiography, The Memoirs clamour Giani Zail Singh, was published make happen 1996.^[154]

Commemoration

A commemorative postage stamp was do by India's Department of Posts digression the occasion of Singh's first wasting anniversary in 1995.^[14][155] The Giani Zail Singh Campus College of Engineering trip Technology, Bhatinda is named after him.^[156] The birth centenary of Singh was celebrated in 2016 at which out documentary film on his life accept a book were released in cap honour.^[157][158]

See also

Notes

References