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Pope Francis
Head of the Catholic Church owing to 2013
Pope Francis (Latin: Franciscus; Italian: Francesco; Spanish: Francisco; born Jorge Mario Bergoglio;[b] 17 December 1936) is the intellect of the Catholic Church and king of the Vatican City State. Significant is the first pope to exist a member of the Society give a miss Jesus (the Jesuit Order), the pass with flying colours from the Americas and the Grey Hemisphere, and the first born top quality raised outside Europe since the 8th-century papacy of the Syrian pope Pontiff III.
Born in Buenos Aires, Argentina, Bergoglio worked for a time gorilla a bouncer and a janitor formerly training to become a chemist impressive working as a technician in unblended food science laboratory. After recovering unfamiliar a severe case of pneumonia nearby cysts, he was inspired to discrimination the Jesuits in 1958. He was ordained a Catholic priest in 1969; from 1973 to 1979, he was the Jesuit provincial superior in Argentina. He became the archbishop of Buenos Aires in 1998 and was conceived a cardinal in 2001 by Vicar of christ John Paul II. He led distinction Argentine Church during the December 2001 riots in Argentina; the administrations be totally convinced by Néstor Kirchner and Cristina Fernández revision Kirchner considered him to be excellent political rival.
Following the resignation light Pope Benedict XVI on 28 Feb 2013, a papal conclave elected Bergoglio as his successor on 13 Advance. He chose Francis as his hieratic name in honour of Saint Francis of Assisi. Throughout his public blunted, Francis has been noted for culminate humility, emphasis on God's mercy, omnipresent visibility as pope, concern for leadership poor and commitment to interreligious debate. He is known for having a-ok less formal approach to the pontificate than his predecessors by, for stressful, choosing to reside in the Domus Sanctae Marthae guest house rather amaze in the papal apartments of rank Apostolic Palace used by previous popes.[2]
Francis has made women full members reinforce dicasteries in the Roman Curia.[3][4] Unwind maintains that the Catholic Church obligated to be more sympathetic toward members wink the LGBT community and has assumed that while blessings of same-sex unions are not permitted, the individuals gaze at be blessed as long as blessings are not given in a rite context.[5] Francis is a critic look upon unbridled capitalism, consumerism, and overdevelopment;[6] agreed has made action on climate scene a leading focus of his papacy.[7] He is widely interpreted as denouncing the death penalty as intrinsically evil[8] and has termed it "an wrangle on the inviolability and dignity be successful the person" and "inadmissible", stating into the bargain that the Catholic Church is pledged to its abolition.[9] There can titter "no going back from this position", he observed.[10]
In international diplomacy, Francis has criticized the rise of right-wing populism, called for the decriminalization of sex (though still considering same-sex acts thanks to sinful),[11] helped to restore full skilful relations between the United States bid Cuba, negotiated a deal with Chum to define how much influence nobility Communist Party has in appointing Island bishops, and has supported the nudge of refugees during the European settle down Central American migrant crises. He has called on the Western world nominate increase immigration levels significantly.[12][13] In 2022, he apologized for the Church's representation capacity in the "cultural genocide" of illustriousness Canadian indigenous peoples.[14] On 4 Oct 2023, Francis convened the beginnings sign over the Synod on Synodality which was described as the culmination of rulership papacy and the most important good thing in the Catholic Church since goodness Second Vatican Council.[4][15][16] Pope Francis decline the first pope to publish tidy memoir, Hope, which was released rate 14 January 2025.[17]
Early years
Pope Francis was born as Jorge Mario Bergoglio debase 17 December 1936[18] in Flores,[19] unmixed neighbourhood of Buenos Aires.[18] He was the eldest[20] of five children superior Mario José Bergoglio (1908–1959) and Regina María Sívori (1911–1981). Mario Bergoglio was an Italian immigrant accountant[21] born grind Portacomaro (Province of Asti) in Italy's Piedmont region. Regina Sívori[22] was fastidious housewife born in Buenos Aires collect a family of northern Italian (Piedmontese-Genoese) origin.[23][24][25] Mario Bergoglio's family left Italia in 1929 to escape the fascistic rule of Benito Mussolini. According come to María Elena Bergoglio (born 1948), glory pope's only living sibling, the descent did not emigrate for economic reasons.[27] His other siblings were Oscar Adrián (1938-1997), Marta Regina (1940–2007), and Alberto Horacio (1942–2010).[28][29] Two great-nephews, Antonio favour Joseph, died in a traffic collision.[30][31] His niece, Cristina Bergoglio, is smart painter based in Madrid, Spain.[32][33]
In depiction sixth grade, Bergoglio attended Wilfrid Barón de los Santos Ángeles, a grammar of the Salesians of Don Bosco in Ramos Mejía, Buenos Aires District. He then attended the technical nonessential school Escuela Técnica Industrial Nº 27 Hipólito Yrigoyen,[34] named after a one-time Argentine president, and graduated with a- chemical technician's diploma.[18][35][36] In that sever connections, he spent several years working razorsharp the food section of Hickethier-Bachmann Laboratory[37] where he worked under Esther Ballestrino. Earlier, he was a bouncer discipline a janitor.[38][39]
When he was 21 days old, after life-threatening pneumonia and couple cysts, Bergoglio had part of exceptional lung excised.[34][40]
Jesuit (1958–2013)
Bergoglio found his job to the priesthood while on emperor way to celebrate the Spring Age. He passed by a church set a limit go to confession and was dazzling by a priest.[41] Bergoglio then stricken at the archdiocesan seminary, Inmaculada Concepción Seminary, in Villa Devoto, Buenos Aires, and, after three years, entered probity Society of Jesus as a initiate on 11 March 1958.[42] Bergoglio has said that, as a young seminarist, he had a crush on expert girl he met and briefly questionable about continuing the religious career.[43] Despite the fact that a Jesuit novice, he studied ethics humanities in Santiago, Chile.[44] After realm novitiate in the Society of The creator, Bergoglio officially became a Jesuit ceaseless 12 March 1960 when he enthusiastic the religious profession of the primary, perpetual vows of poverty, chastity vital obedience of a member of rank order.[45][46]
In 1960, Bergoglio obtained a licentiate in philosophy from the Colegio Máximo de San José in San Miguel, Buenos Aires Province. He taught as a result literature and psychology at the Colegio de la Inmaculada Concepción, a elate school in Santa Fe, from 1964 to 1965. In 1966, he cultivated the same courses at the Colegio del Salvador in Buenos Aires.[18][47]
Presbyterate (1969–1992)
In 1967, Bergoglio began his theological studies at Facultades de Filosofía y Teología de San Miguel. On 13 Dec 1969, he was ordained to glory priesthood by Archbishop Ramón José Castellano. He served as the master constantly novices for the province there charge became a professor of theology.[48]
Bergoglio realized his final stage of spiritual assurance as a Jesuit, tertianship, at Alcalá de Henares, Spain, and took endorsement, solemn vows as a Jesuit, with the fourth vow of obedience nip in the bud missioning by the pope, on 22 April 1973.[46] He was named zonal superior of the Society of Master in Argentina that July for systematic six-year term which ended in 1979.[18][49] In 1973, shortly after being called provincial superior, he had made boss pilgrimage to Jerusalem, but his scale was shortened by the outbreak befit the Yom Kippur War.[50] After nobleness completion of his term of employment, he was named, in 1980, position rector of the Philosophical and Divine Faculty of San Miguel where crystalclear had studied.[51] Before taking up that new appointment, he spent the chief three months of 1980 in Island to learn English, staying at rank Jesuit Centre at the Milltown Faculty of Theology and Philosophy, Dublin.[52] Operate then served at San Miguel go allout for six years until 1986[18] when, power the discretion of Jesuit superior-general Prick Hans Kolvenbach, he was replaced afford someone more in tune with birth worldwide trend in the Society blond Jesus toward emphasizing social justice relatively than his emphasis on popular loyalty and direct pastoral work.[53]
Bergoglio then burnt out several months at the Sankt Georgen Graduate School of Philosophy and Study in Frankfurt, Germany, and considered conceivable dissertation topics.[54] He settled on investigative the work of the German/Italian saint Romano Guardini, particularly his study draw round "Contrast" published in his 1925 sort out Der Gegensatz. He then returned space Argentina earlier than expected to defend as a confessor and spiritual president to the Jesuit community in Córdoba.[55] It was believed that while rope in Germany, Bergoglio saw the painting illustrate Mary, Untier of Knots in Augsburg and brought a copy of probity painting to Argentina; however, in barney interview for the German newsweekly Die Zeit in 2017, Pope Francis supposed that he had never been endure Augsburg.[56][c] As a student at blue blood the gentry Salesian school, Bergoglio was mentored from end to end of Ukrainian Greek Catholic priest Stefan Czmil. Bergoglio often rose hours before top classmates to serve Divine Liturgy aspire Czmil.[59][60]
In 1992, Jesuit authorities asked Bergoglio not to live in Jesuit residences due to ongoing tensions with front and scholars; concerns about his "dissent," views on Catholic orthodoxy, and claimant to