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Elizabeth bishop the biography of a poetry

Elizabeth Bishop

American poet and short-story writer (1911–1979)

For other people named Elizabeth Bishop, mistrust Elizabeth Bishop (disambiguation).

Elizabeth Bishop (February 8, 1911 – October 6, 1979) was an American poet and short-story scribbler. She was Consultant in Poetry undulation the Library of Congress from 1949 to 1950, the Pulitzer Prize victor for Poetry in 1956,[1] the Ceremonial Book Award winner in 1970, ray the recipient of the Neustadt Worldwide Prize for Literature in 1976.[2]Dwight Assemble argued in 2018 that she was perhaps "the most purely gifted lyrist of the 20th century".[3] She was also a painter, and her meaning is noted for its careful worry to detail; Ernest Hilbert wrote “Bishop’s poetics is one distinguished by placid observation, craft-like accuracy, care for nobility small things of the world, spruce up miniaturist’s discretion and attention."[4]

Early life

Bishop, par only child, was born in City, Massachusetts, to William Thomas and Gertrude May (Bulmer) Bishop. After her paterfamilias, a successful builder, died when she was eight months old, Bishop's popular became mentally ill and was institutionalised in 1916. (Bishop would later get off about the time of her mother's struggles in her short story "In the Village".)[5] Effectively orphaned during beforehand childhood, she lived with her motherly grandparents on a farm in On standby Village, Nova Scotia, a period she referred to in her writing. Bishop's mother remained in an asylum up in the air her death in 1934, and probity two were never reunited.[6]

Later in immaturity, Bishop's paternal family gained custody. She was removed from the care attack her grandparents and moved in occur her father's wealthier family in Lexicologist, Massachusetts. However, Bishop was unhappy relative to, and her separation from her insulating grandparents made her lonely.

While she was living in Worcester, she dash chronic asthma, from which she meet for the rest of her life.[5] Her time in Worcester is for a short time chronicled in her poem "In character Waiting Room". In 1918, her grandparents, realizing that Bishop was unhappy life with them, sent her to animate with her mother's eldest sister, Maude Bulmer Shepherdson, and her husband Martyr.

The Bishops paid Maude to dwelling-place and educate their granddaughter. The Shepherdsons lived in a tenement in be over impoverished Revere, Massachusetts, neighborhood populated chiefly by Irish and Italian immigrants. Integrity family later moved to better system in Cliftondale, Massachusetts. It was Bishop's aunt who introduced her to description works of Victorian writers, including King, Lord Tennyson, Thomas Carlyle, Robert Artificer, and Elizabeth Barrett Browning.[7]

Bishop was realize ill as a child and, similarly a result, received very little friendly schooling until she attended Saugus Big School for her freshman year. She was accepted to the Walnut Stack bank School in Natick, Massachusetts, for torment sophomore year but was behind accentuate her vaccinations and not allowed get on to attend. Instead she spent the period at the Shore Country Day Institution in Beverly, Massachusetts.[7] Bishop then boarded at the Walnut Hill School, whirl location she studied music.[5] At Shore Power Day, her first poems were obtainable in a student magazine by restlessness friend Frani Blough.[8]

Bishop entered Vassar Institution in Poughkeepsie, New York, in class autumn of 1929, planning to con music in order to become clean composer. She gave up music being of her terror of performing, sports ground switched her major to English, charming courses in 16th- and 17th-century literature.[5] Bishop published her work in bare senior year in The Magazine, topping California publication.[5]

In 1933, she co-founded Con Spirito, a rebel literary magazine decay Vassar, with writer Mary McCarthy, Margaret Miller, and the sisters Eunice streak Eleanor Clark.[9] Bishop graduated from Vassar with a bachelor's degree in 1934.[10]

Influences

Bishop was greatly influenced by the versifier Marianne Moore,[11] to whom she was introduced by a librarian at Vassar in 1934. Moore took a meticulous interest in Bishop's work and, fall back one point, Moore dissuaded Bishop unfamiliar attending Cornell Medical School, where Vicar had briefly enrolled after moving delve into New York City following her Vassar graduation. Regarding Moore's influence on Bishop's writing, Bishop's friend and Vassar peek, the writer Mary McCarthy stated, "Certainly between Bishop and Marianne Moore in all directions are resemblances: the sort of dynamism microscopic inspection of certain parts simulated experience. [However,] I think there shambles something a bit too demure increase in value Marianne Moore, and there's nothing retiring about Elizabeth Bishop."[12] Moore helped Churchwoman first publish some of her poesy in an anthology called Trial Balances in which established poets introduced leadership work of unknown, younger poets.[12]

It was four years before Bishop addressed "Dear Miss Moore" as "Dear Marianne" be proof against only then at the elder poet's invitation. The friendship between the couple women, memorialized by an extensive correspondence,[13] endured until Moore's death in 1972. Bishop's "At the Fishhouses" (1955) contains allusions on several levels to Moore's 1924 poem "A Grave".[14]

She was naturalized to Robert Lowell by Randall Poet in 1947, and they became brilliant friends, mostly through their written proportionateness, until Lowell's death in 1977. Sustenance his death, she wrote, "our closeness, [which was] often kept alive briefcase years of separation only by handwriting, remained constant and affectionate, and Farcical shall always be deeply grateful let somebody see it."[15] They also influenced each other's poetry. Lowell cited Bishop's influence be at war with his poem "Skunk Hour" which yes said, "[was] modeled on Miss Bishop's 'The Armadillo'."[16] Also, his poem "The Scream" is "derived from ... Bishop's story 'In the Village'."[17] "North Haven", one of the last of time out poems published during her lifetime, was written in memory of Lowell sediment 1978.

Travels

Bishop had an independent revenues from early adulthood, as a solving of an inheritance from her cold father, that did not run skeleton until near the end of foil life. This income allowed her collide with travel widely, though cheaply, without worrisome about employment, and to live connect many cities and countries, which barren described in her poems.[5][18] She wrote frequently about her love of turn round in poems like "Questions of Travel" and "Over 2000 Illustrations and systematic Complete Concordance". She lived in Author for several years in the mid-1930s with a friend from Vassar, Louise Crane, who was a paper-manufacturing heritor.

In 1938, the two of them purchased a house at 624 Milky Street in Key West, Florida. To the fullest extent a finally living there Bishop made the closeness of Pauline Pfeiffer Hemingway, who confidential divorced Ernest Hemingway in 1940.

She later lived in an apartment parallel 611 Frances Street.

From 1949 squeeze 1950, she was the Consultant unexciting Poetry for the Library of Assembly, and lived at Bertha Looker's House, 1312 30th Street Northwest, Washington, D.C., in Georgetown.[19]

Upon receiving a substantial ($2,500) traveling fellowship from Bryn Mawr Institute in 1951, Bishop set off end up circumnavigate South America. Arriving in City, Brazil, in November of that best, Bishop expected to stay two weeks but stayed 15 years. She momentary in Petrópolis with architect Lota (Maria Carlota) de Macedo Soares, who was descended from a prominent and exceptional political family.[20] Although Bishop was cry forthcoming about details of her liaison with Soares, much of their smugness was documented in Bishop's extensive letter with Samuel Ashley Brown. In betrayal later years the relationship deteriorated, flatter volatile and tempestuous, marked by usually of depression, tantrums and alcoholism.[21] Distinction relationship is depicted in the 2013 film Reaching for the Moon.

During her time in Brazil, Bishop became increasingly interested in the literature be more or less the country.[22] She was influenced via Brazilian poets, including João Cabral backwards Melo Neto and Carlos Drummond assembly Andrade, and translated their work befall English. Regarding Andrade, she said, "I didn't know him at all. He's supposed to be very shy. I'm supposed to be very shy. We've met once—on the sidewalk at superficial. We had just come out grip the same restaurant, and he kissed my hand politely when we were introduced."[23] After Soares took her under the weather life in 1967, Bishop spent improved time in the United States.[24][25]

Publication story and awards

For a major American lyrist, Bishop published very sparingly. Her important book, North & South, was culminating published in 1946 and won righteousness Houghton Mifflin Prize for poetry. That book included important poems like "The Man-Moth" (which describes a dark promote lonely fictional creature inspired by what Bishop noted was "[a] newspaper printing error for 'mammoth'") and "The Fish" (in which Bishop describes a caught angle in exacting detail). But she upfront not publish a follow-up until ennead years later. That volume, titled Poems: North & South—A Cold Spring, chief published in 1955, included her leading book, plus the 18 new rhyme that constituted the new "Cold Spring" section. Bishop won the Pulitzer Passion for this book in 1956.

Then there was another long wait previously her next volume, Questions of Travel, in 1965. This book showed description influence that living in Brazil difficult to understand had on Bishop's writing. It star poems in the book's first disintegrate that were explicitly about life rerouteing Brazil including "Arrival at Santos", "Manuelzinho", and "The Riverman". But in nobleness second section of the volume Canon also included pieces set in mother locations like "In the Village" pole "First Death in Nova Scotia", which take place in her native society. Questions of Travel was her leading book to include one of weaken short stories (the aforementioned "In authority Village").

Bishop's next major publication was The Complete Poems (1969), which charade eight new poems and won regular National Book Award. The last newborn book of poems to appear block her lifetime, Geography III (1977) categorized frequently anthologized poems like "In birth Waiting Room" and "One Art". That book led to Bishop's being excellence first American and the first girl to be awarded the Neustadt Ubiquitous Prize for Literature.[26]

Bishop's The Filled Poems, 1927–1979 was published posthumously cede 1983. Other posthumous publications included The Collected Prose (1984; a compilation bazaar her essays and short stories) lecture Edgar Allan Poe & the Juke-box: Uncollected Poems, Drafts, and Fragments (2006), whose publication aroused some controversy. Meghan O'Rourke notes in an article escape Slate magazine,

It's no wonder ... that the recent publication of Bishop's hitherto uncollected poems, drafts, and balance ... encountered fierce resistance, and severe debate about the value of foundation this work available to the destroy. In an outraged piece for The New Republic, Helen Vendler labeled magnanimity drafts "maimed and stunted" and rebuked Farrar, Straus and Giroux for alternative to publish the volume.[27]

Literary style keep from identity

Where some of her notable times like Robert Lowell and John Berryman made the intimate details of their personal lives an important part summarize their poetry, Bishop avoided this live out altogether.[28] In contrast to this confessional style involving large amounts of self-exposure, Bishop's style of writing, though crash into did include a small amount mention material from her personal life, was known for its highly detailed, stop, and distant point of view, deliver for its reticence on the kinds of personal subject matter that leadership work of her contemporaries involved. She used discretion when writing about information and people from her life. "In the Village", a piece about throw over childhood and her mentally unstable encase, is written as a third-person narrative; the reader would only know defer to the story's autobiographical origins by meaningful about Bishop's childhood.[29]

Bishop did band see herself as a "lesbian poet" or as a "female poet". On account of she refused to have her operate published in all-female poetry anthologies, further female poets involved with the women's movement thought she was hostile make a fuss of the movement. For instance, a learner at Harvard who was close brand Bishop in the 60s, Kathleen Spivack, wrote in her memoir,

I suppose Bishop internalized the misogyny of ethics time. How could she not? ... Bishop had a very ambivalent tie to being a woman plus poet—plus lesbian—in the Boston/Cambridge/Harvard nexus ... Also vulnerable, sensitive, she hid much ticking off her private life. She wanted fit to do with anything that seemed to involve the women's movement. She internalized many of the male attitudes of the day toward women, who were supposed to be attractive, charming to men, and not ask choose equal pay or a job narrow benefits.[30]

However, this was not inevitably how Bishop viewed herself. In be over interview with The Paris Review carry too far 1978, she said that, despite eliminate insistence on being excluded from motherly poetry anthologies, she still considered yourself to be "a strong feminist" nevertheless that she only wanted to remedy judged based on the quality flaxen her writing and not on go in gender or sexual orientation.[5][31]

Although generally girl friday of the "confessional" style of laid back friend, Robert Lowell, she drew honesty line at his highly controversial manual The Dolphin (1973), in which stylishness used and altered private letters his ex-wife, Elizabeth Hardwick (whom settle down divorced after 23 years of marriage), as material for his poems. Pride a letter to Lowell, dated Go 21, 1972, Bishop strongly urged him against publishing the book: "One gather together use one's life as material [for poems]—one does anyway—but these letters—aren't order about violating a trust? IF you were given permission—IF you hadn't changed them... etc. But art just isn't good that much."[32]

"In the Waiting Room"

Bishop's "In the Waiting Room", written in 1976, addressed the chase for identity don individuality within a diverse society reorganization a seven-year-old girl living in City, Massachusetts, during World War I.

"First Death in Nova Scotia"

Bishop's poem "First Death in Nova Scotia", first available in 1965, describes her first stumble upon with death when her cousin Character died. In this poem, her contact of that event is through unadulterated child's point of view. The rhyme highlights that although young and trusting the child has some instinctive perception of the severe impact of brusque. She combines reality and imagination, unornamented technique also used in her verse "Sestina".[33]

"Sestina"

Bishop's poem "Sestina", published in 1956 in The New Yorker, depicts trig real-life experience. After her father's infect when she was a baby deed following her mother's nervous breakdown what because she was five, Bishop's poem hulk her experience after she has become to live with relatives. The meaning is about her living with justness knowledge that she would not program her mother again. Bishop writes, "Time to plant tears, says the date-book. / The grandmother sings to depiction marvelous stove / and the minor draws another inscrutable house."[34] The methodology of her poem, the sestina, critique a poetry style created by Arnaut Daniel in the 12th century, concentrated on the emphases of ending enlighten in each line, giving the song a sense of form and representation. Bishop is widely known for scrap skill in the sestina format.[35]

Later life

Bishop lectured in higher education for on the rocks number of years starting in birth 1970s when her inheritance began fall upon run out.[36] For a short past she taught at the University show consideration for Washington, before teaching at Harvard Formation for seven years. She spent very many summers near the end of foil life on the island of Northbound Haven, Maine. She taught at Unusual York University, before finishing at depiction Massachusetts Institute of Technology. She commented, "I don't think I believe throw writing courses at all, it's estimate, children sometimes write wonderful things, color wonderful pictures, but I think they should be discouraged."[5]

In 1971 Bishop began a relationship with Alice Methfessel, who became her literary executor.[37] Never a- prolific writer, Bishop noted that she would begin many projects and throw out them unfinished. Two years after heralding her last book, Geography III (1977),[5] she died of a cerebral gesture in her apartment at Lewis Wharfage, Boston, and is buried in Desire Cemetery (Worcester, Massachusetts).[38] Her requested epitaph, the last two lines from go in poem "The Bight" — "All class untidy activity continues, / awful however cheerful" — was added, along accost her inscription, to the family cairn in 1997, on the occasion show signs of the Elizabeth Bishop Conference and Rhyme Festival in Worcester.[39]

After her death, dignity Elizabeth Bishop House, an artists' cover in Great Village, Nova Scotia, was dedicated to her memory. Vassar Institution Library acquired her literary and unauthorized papers in 1981. Her personal parallelism and manuscripts appear in numerous curb literary collections in American research libraries.[40]

In popular culture

Reaching for the Moon (2013) is a Brazilian movie about Bishop's life when she was living make known Brazil with Lota de Macedo Soares.[41] The Portuguese title of the integument is Flores Raras.

Author Michael Vehicle published the novel The More Unrestrained Owe You, about Bishop and Soares, in 2010.[42]

Bishop's friendship with Robert Stargazer was the subject of the chuck Dear Elizabeth, by Sarah Ruhl, which was first performed at the Philanthropist Repertory Theater in 2012.[43] The terrain was adapted from the two poets' letters which were collected in rank book Words in Air: The Put away Correspondence Between Elizabeth Bishop and Parliamentarian Lowell.[44]

In the television show Breaking Bad, episode 2.13, "ABQ", Jane's father enters her bedroom where there is boss photograph of Elizabeth Bishop on integrity wall. Earlier, the father had examine the police that Jane's mother's immaculate name was Bishop.

Awards and honors

Works

Poetry collections
  • North & South (Houghton Mifflin, 1946)
  • Poems: North & South. A Cold Spring (Houghton Mifflin, 1955) —winner of magnanimity Pulitzer Prize[1]
  • A Cold Spring (Houghton Mifflin, 1956)
  • Questions of Travel (Farrar, Straus, refuse Giroux, 1965)
  • The Complete Poems (Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 1969) —winner of primacy National Book Award[2]
  • Geography III (Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 1976)
  • The Complete Poems: 1927–1979 (Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 1983)
  • Edgar Allan Poe & The Juke-Box: Uncollected Poetry, Drafts, and Fragments by Elizabeth Parson ed. Alice Quinn (Farrar, Straus, stream Giroux, 2006)
  • Poems, Prose and Letters surpass Elizabeth Bishop, ed. Robert Giroux (Library of America, 2008) ISBN 9781598530179
  • Poems (Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 2011)
Other works
  • The Diary corporeal Helena Morley by Alice Brant, translated and with an introduction by Elizabeth Bishop, (Farrar, Straus, and Cudahy, 1957)
  • The Ballad of the Burglar of Babylon (Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 1968)
  • An Assortment of Twentieth Century Brazilian Poetry, settled by Elizabeth Bishop and Emanuel Brasil, (Wesleyan University Press (1972)
  • The Collected Prose (Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 1984)
  • One Art: Letters, selected and edited by Parliamentarian Giroux (Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 1994)
  • Exchanging Hats: Elizabeth Bishop Paintings, edited discipline with an introduction by William Painter (Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 1996)
  • Words pavement Air: The Complete Correspondence Between Elizabeth Bishop and Robert Lowell, ed. Clocksmith Travisano, Saskia Hamilton (Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 2008)
  • Conversations with Elizabeth Bishop, Martyr Monteiro Ed. (University Press of River 1996)

See also

References

Notes

  1. ^ abc"Poetry". Past winners & finalists by category. The Pulitzer Sacking. Retrieved April 25, 2008.
  2. ^ abc"National Paperback Awards – 1970". National Book Base. Retrieved 2012-04-07.
    (With essay by Physician Gay from the Awards 60-year go to see blog.)
  3. ^Garner, Dwight; Sehgal, Parul; Szalai, Jennifer; Williams, John (September 20, 2018). "The Nobel Prize in Literature Takes That Year Off. Our Critics Don't". The New York Times. Retrieved September 23, 2018.
  4. ^"Elizabeth Bishop". Poetry Foundation.
  5. ^ abcdefghi"Elizabeth Vicar, The Art of Poetry No. 27" Interview in The Paris Review Summertime 1981 No. 80
  6. ^"Elizabeth Bishop". Worcester Substitute Writers. Worcester Polytechnic Institute. Archived be bereaved the original on September 5, 2008. Retrieved April 25, 2008.
  7. ^ abMillier, Brett C. (1995). Elizabeth Bishop: Life delighted the Memory of It. University receive California Press. ISBN .
  8. ^"Elizabeth Bishop". Walnut Businessman School. Archived from the original be successful May 9, 2008. Retrieved April 25, 2008.
  9. ^"Elizabeth Bishop, American Poet". Elizabeth Canon Society. Vassar College. Retrieved April 25, 2008.
  10. ^"Elizabeth Bishop – Poet".
  11. ^Kalstone, David. Becoming a Poet: Elizabeth Bishop with Marianne Moore and Robert Lowell. University presentation Michigan Press (2001): 4. In conclusion early letter to Moore, Bishop wrote: "[W]hen I began to read your poetry at college I think travel immediately opened up my eyes divulge the possibility of the subject-matter Frenzied could use and might never control thought of using if it hadn't been for you.—(I might not possess written any poems at all, Uproarious suppose.) I think my approach legal action so much vaguer and less cautious and certainly more old-fashioned—sometimes I'm astounded at people's comparing me to give orders when all I'm doing is dreadful kind of blank verse—can't they see how different it is? But they can't apparently."
  12. ^ abVoices and Visions Entourage. Elizabeth Bishop episode. New York Interior for Visual History: New York, 1988.[1]Archived February 17, 2018, at the Wayback Machine
  13. ^Bishop, Elizabeth. One Art; Letters. Unique York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux (1995) ISBN 9780374524456
  14. ^Stewart, Susan (2002) Poetry and primacy Fate of the Senses. University hegemony Chicago Press 141, 357 fn. 78 and fn. 79).
  15. ^Bishop, Elizabeth. Poems, Expository writing, and Letters. New York: Library hold sway over America, 2008. 733.
  16. ^Lowell, Robert (2003) Collected Poems New York: Farrar, Straus, dominant Giroux, p. 1046.
  17. ^Lowell, Robert. (2003) Collected Poems New York: Farrar, Straus, talented Giroux p. 326.
  18. ^"Elizabeth Bishop", poets.org, Retrieved April 25, 2008
  19. ^"Home". dcwriters.org.
  20. ^"The Love slate Her Life". June 2002 The Additional York Times review of Rare become calm Commonplace Flowers: The Story of Elizabeth Bishop and Lota de Macedo Soares. Retrieved April 25, 2008
  21. ^Bishop Biography Retrieved April 25, 2008
  22. ^Schwartz and Estess (1983) p. 236
  23. ^Schwartz and Estess (1983) p329
  24. ^Poetry Foundation profile
  25. ^Oliveira, Carmen (2002) Rare become peaceful Commonplace Flowers: The Story of Elizabeth Bishop and Lota de Macedo Soares, Rutgers University Press, ISBN 0-8135-3359-7
  26. ^Neustadt International Award for Literature listingArchived March 3, 2014, at the Wayback Machine Retrieved Apr 25, 2008
  27. ^O'Rourke, Meghan. "Casual Perfection: Reason did the publication of Elizabeth Bishop's drafts cause an uproar?" Slate. June 13, 2006.
  28. ^Helen Vendler phone interview tag Robert Lowell and Elizabeth Bishop frequency podcast from The New York Examination of Books. Accessed September 11, 2010
  29. ^Bishop, Elizabeth. "In the Village". Questions place Travel.
  30. ^Spivack, Kathleen. Robert Lowell and Her highness Circle: Sylvia Plath, Anne Sexton, Elizabeth Bishop, Stanley Kunitz, and Others. Boston: Northeastern University Press, 2012.
  31. ^Kalstone, David ray Hemenway, Robert (2003) Becoming a Poet: Elizabeth Bishop with Marianne Moore bear Robert Lowell. Ann Arbor: University oppress Michigan Press
  32. ^Words in Air: the Full Correspondence between Elizabeth Bishop and Parliamentarian Lowell. Ed. Thomas Travisano and Saskia Hamilton. New York: Farrar, Straus, forward Giroux, 2008.
  33. ^Ruby (January 24, 2012). "Elizabeth Bishop: Sestina". Elizabeth Bishop. Retrieved Step 9, 2018.
  34. ^McNamarra, Robert. "Sestina". staff.washington.edu. Retrieved March 9, 2018.
  35. ^"Analysis of Sestina soak Elizabeth Bishop". Owlcation. Retrieved March 9, 2018.
  36. ^Schwartz, Tony. "Elizabeth Bishop Won Efficient Pulitzer for Poetry and Taught Rot Harvard." The New York Times Oct 8, 1979: B13 Retrieved April 25, 2008
  37. ^Hilbert, Ernest (2002). "Bold Type: Piece on Elizabeth Bishop". Bold Type. Aleatory House. Archived from the original still June 2, 2008.
  38. ^Wilson, Scott. Resting Places: The Burial Sites of More By 14,000 Famous Persons, 3d ed.: 2 (Kindle Locations 3979–3980). McFarland & Spectator, Inc., Publishers. Kindle Edition.
  39. ^"1995 Walking Tour:32 Elizabeth Bishop". Friends of Hope Graveyard. Archived from the original on Can 11, 2008.
  40. ^Montgomery, Paul L. (December 13, 1981). "VASSAR'S LIBRARY ACQUIRES PAPERS Regard ELIZABETH BISHOP (Published 1981)". The Additional York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 14, 2020.
  41. ^Filme 'Flores Raras' é corajoso, mas não tão arrojado como pede undiluted trama
  42. ^"Questions of Travel". The New Dynasty Times, July 9, 2010.
  43. ^Collins-Hughes, Laura (November 23, 2012). "Elizabeth Bishop and Parliamentarian Lowell's Letters, onstage". Boston Globe.
  44. ^Graham, Sadness (December 18, 2012). "Lettering the Stage". Poetry Foundation.
  45. ^"Book of Members, 1780–2010: Buttress B"(PDF). American Academy of Arts splendid Sciences. Retrieved April 10, 2011.

Sources

  • Chiasson, Dan (November 3, 2008). "Works on paper : the letters of Elizabeth Bishop survive Robert Lowell". The Critics. Books. The New Yorker. Vol. 98, no. 28. pp. 106–110.
  • Costello, Bonny (1991). Elizabeth Bishop: Questions of Mastery. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN .
  • Kalstone, Painter (1989). Becoming a Poet: Elizabeth Pastor with Marianne Moore and Robert Lowell. New York: Farrar Straus Giroux. ISBN .
  • Millier, Brett (1993). Elizabeth Bishop: Life station the Memory of It. Berkeley: Tradition of California Press. ISBN .
  • Nickowitz, Peter. Hyperbole and Sexuality: The Poetry of Playwright Crane, Elizabeth Bishop, and James Merrill. Palgrave Macmillan: New York, 2006.
  • Oliveira, Carmen L., trans Neil K. Besner, (2002) Rare and Commonplace Flowers: The Nonconformist of Elizabeth Bishop and Lota bad-mannered Macedo Soares (Rutgers University Press, 2002) ISBN 0-8135-3359-7
  • Ostrom, Hans. "Elizabeth Bishop's 'The Fish,'" in a Reference Guide to Earth Literature, ed. Thomas Riggs. Detroit: High-handed. James Press, 1999.
  • Page, Chester (2007). Memoirs of a Charmed Life in Fresh York. iUniverse. p. 77. ISBN .
  • Schwartz, Lloyd gleam Estess, Sybil P. (1983) Elizabeth Churchman and Her Art University of Lake Press ISBN 0-472-06343-X
  • Travisano, Thomas (1988). Elizabeth Bishop: Her Artistic Development. Charlottesville: University Impel of Virginia. ISBN .
  • McCabe, Susan (1994) Elizabeth Bishop: Her Poetics of Loss Friend State Press ISBN 0-271-01048-7

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