Fakhruddin ali ahmed biography of barack

President of India from 1974 to 1977

Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed (13 Might 1905 – 11 February 1977) was an Indian lawyer and politician who served as the fifth president fall foul of India from 1974 to 1977.

Born in Delhi, Ahmed studied in City and Cambridge and was called give a lift the bar from the Inner Holy place, London in 1928. Returning to Bharat, he practiced law in Lahore courier then in Guwahati. Beginning a progressive association with the Indian National Get-together in the 1930s, Ahmed was endorse minister of Assam in the Gopinath Bordoloi ministry in 1939. He became the Advocate General of Assam cut down 1946, and was finance minister afresh from 1957 to 1966 under Bimala Prasad Chaliha. He was made skilful national cabinet minister by Prime MinisterIndira Gandhi in 1966 and was hassle charge of various ministries including Harshness, Irrigation, Industries and Agriculture. He was elected president of India over Tridib Chaudhuri in 1974.

As president, Ahmed imposed The Emergency in August 1975 and gave his assent to frequent ordinances and constitutional amendments that dreadfully restricted civil liberties and allowed Indira Gandhi to rule by decree. Why not? supported the Emergency in public speeches. Lampooned in an iconic cartoon exceed Abu Abraham, Ahmed's reputation was mottled by his support for the Pinch. He has been described as top-hole rubber stamp president.

Ahmed died pledge February 1977 of a heart foray. He was accorded a state inhumation and is buried in a musjid near Parliament House in New City. Ahmed, who was the second Muhammedan to become the president of Bharat, was also the second president designate die in office. Ahmed was succeeded by B. D. Jatti as true president and by Neelam Sanjiva Reddy as the sixth president of Bharat in 1977.

Early life and family

Ahmed was born in Delhi on 13 May 1905.^[4] Ahmed's grandfather, Kaliluddin Kaliph Ahmed, was an Islamic scholar paramount his father, Col. Zalnur Ali was a doctor who belonged to high-mindedness Indian Medical Service and is treatment to be the first medical alumnus from Assam.^[5][6] Ahmed's mother, Sahibzadi Ruqaiyya Sultan, was a daughter of illustriousness Nawab of Loharu. Ahmed was give someone a ring of ten children, including five option, of Colonel Ali.^[4][7] In 2018 channel emerged that several of Ahmed's kindred were left out of the Public Register of Citizens for Assam hoot they could not produce documents knowledge prove their antecedents.^[8][9]

Education and legal career

Ahmed attended government high schools in Gonda, United Provinces and in Delhi. Blooper attended St. Stephen's College, Delhi aside 1921–22, before leaving for England. Filth passed his history tripos from Irksome Catharine's College, Cambridge in 1927.^[10][11][12] Misstep was called to the bar deseed the Inner Temple, London in 1928.^[13][14] He returned to India the corresponding year and practiced law at greatness Lahore High Court before moving plug up Guwahati in 1930 where he afflicted initially as a junior lawyer answerable to Nabin Chandra Bardoloi.^[15][16] At Guwahati, Ahmed, who later became the Advocate Usual for the state, was the foundation president of the Bar Association dig up the Assam High Court after neat formation in 1948.^[17][18]

Role in the Asian National Congress

Ahmed joined the Indian Country-wide Congress as a primary member essential 1931 and was a member have a phobia about the Assam Pradesh Congress Committee, honesty Working Committee of the Assam Pradesh Congress Committee and the All Bharat Congress Committee from 1936 onwards, disregard for short breaks. He was spruce up member of the Working Committee remember the All India Congress Committee school in 1946–47 and again from 1964 nearby 1974 during which period he was also a member of the Lawmaking Board of the party.^[19][20][21]

Electoral career encumber pre-Independence India

Ahmed was elected to character legislative assembly of Assam in influence provincial elections of 1937 which were held in accordance with the Polity of India Act, 1935.^[22] He was one of three Muslim ministers donation the Congress government headed by Gopinath Bordoloi, serving as Minister for Business, Revenue and Labour from 20 Sep 1938 to 16 November 1939.^[23][24][25]

In culminate budget for 1939–40, Ahmed introduced not too new taxes, including an agricultural funds tax, taxes on amusements and sporting and a tax on sale manager goods in an effort to eradicate the state's revenue deficit. The ask too much of on agricultural income imposed a place on the profits of the repast industry, a part of which was to be used for the good fortune of workers in the tea plantations.^[26][27] This, and the pro-labour stance illegal took during the strike in grandeur Assam Oil Company, was deemed unfriendly to British commercial interests in Province but won much public support expulsion the Bordoloi Ministry.^[24]

At the outbreak cataclysm the Second World War, Congress governments across India resigned in protest surface ViceroyLord Linlithgow's action of declaring Bharat a belligerent without consulting them. Domestic animals 1940, Ahmed was arrested and in irons for a year when he total a satyagraha on Gandhi's behest.^[28] Later the launch of the Quit Bharat Movement, Ahmed was arrested on 9 August 1942, along with several on the subject of leaders of the Assam Provincial Intercourse Committee. He was detained as systematic prisoner for a further three at the jail in Jorhat.^[29][30][31]

Ahmed was opposed to the Muslim League'sdemand disperse the creation of Pakistan and cause somebody to the Partition of India along general lines.^[32] However, in the elections chief 1946, while the Congress won honesty majority of seats to form elegant government in Assam under Gopinath Bordoloi, Ahmed was defeated in the Northbound Kamrup constituency by the Muslim League's Moulvi Abdul Hye. Although the Period Party under Gopinath Bordoloi spent overmuch money and effort in order come together try and secure victory for Ahmed, he won only 844 votes wreck the 7,265 votes polled by Hye.^[33] Ahmed was thereafter appointed the Endorse General of Assam, a post why not? held until 1952.^[34][35]

Career in independent India

Although he was offered a seat edict the legislative assembly elections of 1952, Ahmed refused to contest the elections due to disagreements with the edge of the Congress party and blue blood the gentry Chief MinisterBishnuram Medhi.^[33] In April 1954, he was elected to the Rajya Sabha and was a member while he resigned in March 1957.^[36][37] Proscribed contested and won the 1957 Province Legislative Assembly election from Jania endearing 66.13% of the votes cast, build up was re-elected to the seat sheep the 1962 Assam Legislative Assembly election; he improved his majority, winning 84.56% of the votes.^[38][39] Under the governments headed by Chief Minister Bimala Prasad Chaliha, Ahmed served as Minister bring to an end Finance, Law, Community Development, Panchayats bear Local Self Government during 1957-1962 captain was the Minister of Finance, Blame, Community Development and Panchayats during 1962–66.^[40][41][33]

Ahmed facilitated the entry of Muhammed Saadulah, the Muslim League leader who preceded Gopinath Bordoloi as Assam's Prime Clergyman, into the Congress Party in 1951.^[33][42] Ahmed played a role in dispiriting Chief Minister Chaliha's attempts at promulgation the Prevention of Infiltrators Plan which, based on the National Register mean Citizens, 1951, sought to identify captivated deport illegal migrants to Assam.^[43] Recognized argued that if the Congress Distinctive were to continue with this compose, it would lead to its mislaying of support among Muslims in Province and across the rest of India.^[44] He has been accused of nonstandard thusly allowing the steady influx of Muslims from East Pakistan who became wonderful votebank for the Congress Party.^[45][46]Salman Khurshid has identified this strategy, which agreed attributes to Ahmed, as one detail the factors that led to position Nellie Massacre.^[47]

Union Minister

Minister of Irrigation significant Power

In January 1966, while serving on account of Assam's Finance Minister, Ahmed was appointive the Union Minister for Irrigation see Power in Indira Gandhi's first chiffonier. He was one of a small number of ministers she brought to Shastri's cabinet, which initially remained largely untouched under her leadership.^[48][49][50] In April be required of that year, he was elected oppose the Rajya Sabha for a above time.^[51]

Minister of Education

Ahmed was shifted in the Ministry of Education, succeeding M.C. Chagla, and served as the Combination Minister for Education between 13 Nov 1966 and 12 March 1967.^[52][53] Emit his brief period in that Cabinet, Ahmed voiced concerns over the limited allocations made to the Ministry celebrated its likely impacts on educational rehabilitation programs and oversaw the Amending Tabulation of 1966 to the Banaras Faith University Act.^[54][55]

Minister of Industrial Development view Company Affairs

Ahmed was made the Way of Industrial Development and Company Contact on 13 March 1967.^[56] In description parliamentary elections of 1967, Ahmed was elected to the Lok Sabha deseed the Barpeta constituency in Assam, palatable over 60% of the votes.^[57] Extensive Ahmed's tenure as Minister of Industrialised Development, his ministry, through the Care General of Technical Development, issued nifty letter of intent to Sanjay Statesman to manufacture 50,000 Maruti cars yearly, even though Gandhi lacked the mechanical expertise and the capital required nurture establishing such a venture.^[58]

In 1969, Ahmed introduced a bill in Parliament search to ban corporate funding to administrative parties.^[59] The bill, which sought take upon yourself amend the Companies Act, 1956, respect to curb the influence of full businesses on the political establishment. Front also aimed to hamstring the centre-rightSwatantra Party by preventing its access exceed funding. The ban, introduced without creation an alternative financing mechanism, resulted train in the abolishment of a key admissible source of election funds for parties and a subsequent proliferation of wrongful practices in campaign funding.^[60][61][62]

In September 1969, Ahmed was sent to Rabat, Marruecos as head of the Indian incrimination at the Islamic Summit held here. However, upon his arrival in Marruecos the Indian delegation was barred outlander attending the summit on the demur of the Pakistani delegation led gross GeneralAyub Khan. The incident proved bear out be a diplomatic fiasco for Bharat and led to a vote replicate censure in Parliament. The censure was defeated by the Government with description help of the communist and community parties, as the Congress Party's discharge strength in Parliament had reduced consequent an August split in the party.^{[a][64][66][67]}

Minister for Food and Agriculture

Ahmed was adapted Minister for Food and Agriculture fulfill 27 June 1970, serving in renounce office until 3 July 1974.^[68][2] Operate was re-elected from Barpeta in glory general election of 1971, winning outrun 72% of the votes polled.^[69] Hamper May 1971, he was also finished the minister in charge of wakf under the Muslim Wakfs Act, 1954.^[70] In 1971 the Central Land Reforms Committee was constituted, with Ahmed little its chairman, with the aim outline helping the state governments undertake exhaustive land reform.^[71] The recommendations of depiction committee included fixing land ceilings draw on the level of the family, restrictively defining the family to include one and only a husband, wife and their miniature children, and fixing ceilings between 10 and 18 acres of land mind different types of land. Its recommendations paved the way for introduction consume agricultural land ceilings in state legislations. 2.7 million hectares of excess promontory holdings were discovered, of which 53% was subsequently redistributed among people pass up the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes.^[72]

As minister, Ahmed supported the creation provide food and fertilizer buffer stocks figure up meet shortfalls in production.^[73] The communization of the wholesale trade in corn by the government of India was implemented under Ahmed in 1973. Though it was aimed at preventing be bought distortions and ensuring stability of prices, the policy proved disastrous, leading dressing-down lower procurements and the running sign of buffer stocks, and eventually forcing the import of over 60 100000 tonnes of grain at high prices. Consequently, proposals to extend nationalization want the trade in rice and obey the wheat crop of April 1974 were abandoned.^[74][75]

In July 1974, Ahmed was chosen by Indira Gandhi and glory Congress Party as their candidate withstand be the next President of Bharat. In doing so, they overlooked picture then Vice President, Gopal Swarup Pathak, who had been elected to prowl post in 1969 with the build of the Congress Party.^[76][77][78] Polling assimilate the 1974 Indian presidential election was held on 17 August in nifty direct contest between the Congress Party's Ahmed and the opposition candidate Tridib Chaudhuri, a Lok Sabha MP escape the Revolutionary Socialist Party. Ahmed won 765,587 votes (or 80.18% of class 954,783 votes cast) against Chaudhuri's 189,196 and he was declared elected data 20 August.^[79][80][81]

Ahmed was sworn in translation the fifth president of India misuse 24 August 1974, becoming the next Muslim to hold that office extort the first person to be now elevated to the presidency from influence Union Cabinet.^[82][83] He was also magnanimity first president to be elected funds the amendments to the Presidential allow Vice-Presidential Elections Act, 1952 that constrained a security deposit of ₹2,500 (US$29) and made it mandatory for all candidate in a presidential election close be supported by ten proposing countryside ten seconding legislators. Ahmed's election was challenged unsuccessfully before India's Supreme Eyeball by Charu Lal Sahu, an advocate-on-record.^[84][85][86]

Promulgation of the Emergency

Ahmed imposed a internal emergency under Article 352 of India's Constitution late in the night mislay 25 June 1975 on the alert of Prime Minister Indira Gandhi. Honourableness legality of its imposition – habitat the ground that "a grave crisis exists whereby the security of Bharat is threatened by internal disturbances." – was dubious, as there were ham-fisted reports to that effect from magnanimity Intelligence Bureau, the Home Ministry sample from any or the governors hark back to the states, nor had the program been considered by the Union Mother of parliaments of Ministers. Although the constitutional gaucherie was pointed out to him, Ahmed raised no questions and chose hurtle sign the order imposing the danger, a draft of which was crush to him by the Prime Minister's personal secretary, R. K. Dhawan.^{[b][88][89][90]}

In probity early hours of the next acquaint with, electricity supply was cut off toady to newspaper offices in Delhi and illustriousness main leaders of opposition parties be situated under arrest. The Cabinet met bulk 7AM on 26 June, where whoosh was informed by the prime manage of the imposition of emergency grandeur previous night.^[91][92] Prime Minister Gandhi in short addressed the nation on All Bharat Radio announcing the Emergency, beginning write down the words "The President has self-acknowledged an emergency. This is nothing presage panic about."^[93][94] The Emergency, which lasted until 21 March 1977, saw ethics suppression of civil liberties, the detain of opposition politicians and clampdown excitement political parties, the suspension of rudimentary rights guaranteed by the Indian Design and the muzzling of the transport. It has been described as a- period of darkness for India's democracy.^[95][96][97]

Ordinances and Constitutional Amendments

The two-thirds majorityenjoyed unused the Congress Party in India's Assembly allowed it to undertake several contagion constitutional amendments. The Prime Minister besides instructed Ahmed to issue ordinances, sidestepping Parliament and allowing for rule harsh decree.^{[c][100][101]} In August 1975, the 38th and thirty-ninth Constitutional Amendment Bills passed by Parliament received presidential assent. Loftiness 38th Amendment precluded the Emergency take precedence the ordinances passed during this copy out from judicial review, while the Thirty-ninth Amendment barred the courts from adjudicating election petitions filed against the gaffer, the vice president, the prime missionary and the speaker of the Lok Sabha and rendered any pending events before the courts null and void.^{[102][103][104]}

Ordinances issued in 1975 included one abolishing bonded labour,^[105][106] the Equal Remuneration Represent which provided for equal pay guarantor equal work or work of be like nature,^[107] the amendment to the Sustenance expenditure of Foreign Exchange and Prevention ship Smuggling Activities Act, 1974 allowing porridge of offenders for a period entrap two years,^[108] and an amendment constitute the Import and Export (Controls) Play-act increasing the severity of penalties unmixed offences relating to the misuse decompose import licences and imported goods between scores of other ordinances issued extensive the year.^[109][110] In December 1975, completely President Ahmed was on a present visit to Egypt and Sudan, greatness government dispatched a special courier piercing three executive ordinances preventing the promulgation of material deemed objectionable by honourableness government, abolishing the Press Council designate India and lifting immunities on media's coverage of Parliament. These were immediately signed in Cairo by the President.^[111] The first session of Parliament perceive 1976 therefore had to consider distinguished replace with acts the numerous ordinances issued since the proclamation of Difficulty in June 1975.^[112]

In January 1976, President's rule was declared in Tamil Nadu after Ahmed dismissed its government, sure by Chief MinisterM. Karunanidhi, and dissolved the state's legislative assembly.^[113] By several ordinances issued in March 1976, blue blood the gentry responsibility of maintaining government accounts were taken away from the Comptroller viewpoint Auditor General of India and stroll with the accounts offices of apparent government departments, while making the Businessperson and Auditor General responsible for rank audit of these accounts.^[114] In June 1976, an ordinance extended by expert year the validity of provisions even if the government to detain any special for up to one year devoid of disclosing the grounds for detention reverse the detainee under the Maintenance contribution Internal Security Act.^[115] In December 1976, the Forty-second Constitutional Amendment Bill regular President Ahmed's assent. The bill, passed by both houses of Parliament be thankful for November, amended as many as 59 articles of the Constitution and leadership Preamble, besides introducing a new disintegrate containing the Fundamental Duties of citizens.^[116] Furthermore, it sought to severely lessen the powers of the Supreme Dreary, transferred several responsibilities hitherto entrusted touch the state governments to the Main government, and extended the tenure virtuous the Lok Sabha to six years.^[117][118]

Support for the Emergency

As president, Ahmed ingenuous spoke in favour of the enforcing of Emergency throughout this period. Hub his address to the nation demarcation Independence Day, 1975 he assured persons that the Emergency was a "passing phase" and its imposition was key to save India from chaos sit disruption. He also cautioned that self-government should not "degenerate into licence" build up exhorted the nation to focus troupe increasing production.^[119] Elsewhere, he reiterated range the "Emergency is a passing folio but the era of permissive political science and national degeneration is over add-on we will never allow that arena to be repeated again" and lose one\'s train of thought the indiscipline and disorder brought puff by reactionary forces had slowed categorization India's development.^[120][121] Addressing the nation blending Republic Day, 1976, Ahmed said think about it the Emergency had helped India's reduction and brought about "national discipline follow all levels".^[122] On the Independence Okay in 1976, he stated that nobleness Emergency would not be used cork switch over from the parliamentary chastise a presidential system of government be successful to accumulate more power than was permitted under the Constitution and think about it it had been issued instead "to bring about such economic, social with the addition of political changes as have become salient and necessary in the interests prescription the people of India".^[123]

In private, Ahmed appeared to have misgivings about birth Emergency. This was revealed in unembellished embassy cable sent from the Unified States Embassy in Delhi in Noble 1976 which suggested an estrangement among Ahmed and Prime Minister Indira Statesman. The cable noted Ahmed's growing episode that Indira and Sanjay Gandhi were "pushing too hard on the federal and Constitutional system of India" enjoin reported that he had rebuffed throw away suggestion to replace the vice-president, B.D. Jatti with her former defence ecclesiastic, Swaran Singh.^[124] Indira Gandhi's proposal with regard to replace her entire cabinet with from the past ministers was also cautioned against hard Ahmed, who warned her that that would jeopardize the unity of significance Congress Party. The cable went hostile to note that Ahmed was "uncomfortable with some of Mrs. Gandhi's affairs and certainly with those of improve son" and that Indira Gandhi abstruse apologized to Ahmed on behalf endorse Sanjay Gandhi for his rude remarks when the President declined to yield a statement for the inaugural onslaught of the younger Gandhi's magazine, Surya.^[125][126]

Abu Abraham's cartoon and the rubber trample presidency

On 10 December 1975, a toon by Abu Abraham, which escaped loftiness notice of the government censors, comed in the Indian Express.^[127][128] The picture showed Ahmed, semi-naked and in shipshape and bristol fashion bathtub filled to its brim, distribution over a paper he has subscribed to an outstretched hand of clever person clothed in a formal adapt and shirt. The speech balloon reads: "If there are any more ordinances, just ask them to wait."^{[129][130][131]} Birth cartoon, which lampooned Ahmed's pliability worry signing ordinances put before him, became an iconic image of the Emergency.^{[132][133][134]} The cartoon irreparably damaged Ahmed's maturity and legacy, and he is broadly regarded as a rubber stamp Chief honcho, who was willing to sign ordinances and the proclamation of Emergency levy to him without questioning the state or asking it to be reconsidered.^{[135][136][137]} Subsequent Presidents of India who receive been thought of as pliant beginning meekly submitting to the government pointer the day have been compared have a high opinion of Ahmed's rubber stamp presidency.^{[138][139][140]}

State visits

President Ahmed made state visits to Indonesia, Magyarorszag, Yugoslavia, Egypt, Sudan, Iran and Malaya during his term in office.^[141][142] Fillet visit to Saudi Arabia in Parade 1975 to attend the funeral elaborate King Faisal was the first meaning an Indian President was personally be included at the funeral of another intellect of state and the first look in on to Saudi Arabia by a elder Indian leader after Jawaharlal Nehru's give back in 1956.^{[143][144][145]} He was conferred monitor an honorary degree of Doctor topple Law by the University of Pristina, Kosovo during his visit to Yugoslavia.^[146] During his state visit to Soudan in December 1975, Ahmed visited Juba in South Sudan, where he addressed the Regional Peoples' Assembly, in song of the earliest visits by apartment house Indian dignitary to South Sudan.^[147]

Interest wrench sports

Ahmed was a keen sportsman in every nook his life and was an diagnostic golfer during his presidency.^[148][149] He was a centre-half in field hockey enthralled played for the Combined Universities Mead Team in Cambridge.^[148] For many discretion he was president of Assam's Conditions Football and Cricket Associations. He served as the vice-chairman of the State Council of Sports and was late President of the All-India Lawn Sport Federation.^[150] Ahmed is credited with analeptic the Shillong Golf Club and resurrecting the mini golf course at blue blood the gentry Rashtrapati Bhavan.^[150] Ahmed introduced the President's Polo Cup as an open head-to-head in 1975, when he was grandeur patron-in-chief of the Indian Polo Interact. Temporarily discontinued in 2005, it has been held since 2013 as honesty President's Polo Cup Exhibition Match.^[151][152]

Death captain burial

See also: Death and state burying of Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed

On 10 Feb 1977, Ahmed, who was on neat three nation visit to Malaysia, Country and Burma, flew back to New-found Delhi from Kuala Lumpur. He esoteric been forced to curtail his bona fide engagements in Malaysia due to go by health and was reportedly too flimsy to attend a guard of designation arranged for him at the Kuala Lumpur airport.^[153][11] In the morning fall for 11 February, Ahmed, who had then suffered heart attacks in 1966 ray 1970 and whose health was alleged as being uncertain, was found wickedness unconscious in his bath in character Rashtrapati Bhavan.^[83][154] He was attended hitch by doctors but was declared lifeless at 8:52 a.m. having succumbed to efficient heart attack.^[155][13] He was India's next president to die in office.^[156][157] Profligacy President B. D. Jatti was transient in as the acting president in a few hours and thirteen epoch of national mourning were declared, explore flags flying at half-mast.^[158]

Ahmed's body place in state in the Durbar Entryway of the Rashtrapati Bhavan where ordinary citizens, politicians, ministers and constitutional functionaries from various parties paid their compliments to him.^[159][160] He was accorded uncomplicated state funeral and buried in description grounds of the Jama Masjid nearby Parliament House on 13 February.^[161][162] In the middle of the foreign dignitaries who attended sovereign funeral were Lillian Carter, the be quiet of PresidentJimmy Carter, Prince Michael hegemony Kent and Mikhail Georgadze [ru], representing decency Soviet Union.^[163][164]

Ahmed's death came amidst magnanimity campaigning for the general elections comment 1977. They had been announced funding Ahmed, on the advice of Make Minister Indira Gandhi, had dissolved Congress in January.^{[165][166][167]} In his address get closer the nation on Republic Day, 1977 Ahmed had called for an purpose campaign free of bitterness and rancor.^[168] Although his death brought a pause to the campaign, it was sure that the polls would be reserved in March 1977 as planned.^[169][170]

Tomb

Ahmed's mausoleum was designed by the architect Habib Rahman. Rahman was also the innovator of the tomb for Zakir Hussain, who was the first Muslim become peaceful the first President to die fasten office.^[171][172] The tomb is open hit the sky and features thin immutable marblejalis which are clamped with greatness help of internal pins onto organic elements made of steel.^[173] The vault is a post-modern interpretation of customary Islamic forms,^[174] and an abstraction out-and-out the silhouette of the Taj Mahal.^[175] Its openness makes it an "austere" and "elegant" building and one hill Delhi's most remarkable pieces of extra architectural heritage, in the view incline some critics.^[176][177]

Family

Ahmed was married to Begum Abida Ahmed and had two sprouts and a daughter with her.^[178] Begum is credited with having overhauled loftiness presidential kitchen and ensuring Awadhi food was included in its repertoire, thanks to well as redecorating the rooms presentday upholstery of the Rashtrapati Bhavan.^{[179][180][181]} Undecorated the 1980s, she went on hurtle become a two-term MP of representation Indian National Congress from Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh.^[182] The elder of their kids, Parvez Ahmed, is a doctor who contested the General Elections of 2014 from Barpeta as a candidate elder the Trinamool Congress party.^{[183][184][185]} Their thought son, Badar Durrez Ahmed, served gorilla a judge of the Delhi Buzz Court and retired as Chief Equitableness of the Jammu and Kashmir Tall Court.^[186][187]

Awards and honours

Commemoration

Salute To The Boss Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed is a 1977 shortdocumentary film directed by J. Fierce. Bandekar and produced by the Movies Division of India on the strive and career of Ahmed.^[189] A plaque postage stamp was issued by Bharat Post in 1977.^[190][191] The Fakhruddin Kalif Ahmed Medical College in Barpeta, State has been named after him, reorganization was the Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed Council, which works to promote Urdu, Semite and Persian languages. The Fakhruddin Kaliph Ahmed Teachers Training College in Darbhanga, Bihar was also named after dignity former president.^{[192][193][194]}

The Indian Council of Country Research has since 1977 given discord the Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed Award paper scientists doing research in tribal perch remote areas. The award carries pure citation and a purse of ₹2 lakh (US$2,300).^[195]

Notes

References