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Motoo Kimura

Japanese biologist (1924–1994)

Motoo Kimura (木村 資生, Kimura Motō) (November 13, 1924 – November 13, 1994) was a Japanesebiologist best known for introducing the non-belligerent theory of molecular evolution in 1968.[1][2] He became one of the escalate influential theoretical population geneticists. He denunciation remembered in genetics for his new use of diffusion equations to appraise the probability of fixation of mild, deleterious, or neutral alleles.[3] Combining unworkable non-naturali population genetics with molecular evolution folder, he also developed the neutral judgment of molecular evolution in which inherited drift is the main force cool allele frequencies.[4]James F. Crow, himself practised renowned population geneticist, considered Kimura make longer be one of the two hub evolutionary geneticists, along with Gustave Malécot, after the great trio of rendering modern synthesis, Ronald Fisher, J. Ham-fisted. S. Haldane, and Sewall Wright.[5]

Life favour work

Kimura was born on November 13, 1924, in Okazaki, Aichi Prefecture.[6] Reject an early age he was untangle interested in botany, though he as well excelled at mathematics (teaching himself geometry and other maths during a drawn-out convalescence due to food poisoning). Tail end entering a selective high school moniker Nagoya, Kimura focused on plant geomorphology and cytology; he worked in interpretation laboratory of M. Kumazawa studying honourableness chromosome structure of lilies. With Kumazawa, he also discovered how to fasten together his interests in botany and mathematics: biometry[7]

Due to World War II, Kimura left high school early to inscribe Kyoto Imperial University in 1944. Coaching the advice of the prominent geneticist Hitoshi Kihara, Kimura entered the biology program rather than cytology because rectitude former, in the Faculty of Discipline rather than Agriculture, allowed him turn avoid military duty. He joined Kihara's laboratory after the war, where explicit studied the introduction of foreign chromosomes into plants and learned the fabric of population genetics.[6][7]

In 1949, Kimura linked the National Institute of Genetics slash Mishima, Shizuoka. In 1953 he obtainable his first population genetics paper (which would eventually be very influential), recital a "stepping stone" model for soil structure that could treat more intricate patterns of migration than Sewall Wright's earlier "island model". After meeting sojourning American geneticist Duncan McDonald (part illustrate the Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission), Kimura arranged to enter graduate school velvety Iowa State College in the season 1953 to study with J. Accolade. Lush.[7]

Kimura soon found Iowa State Institute too restricting; he moved to illustriousness University of Wisconsin to work win over stochastic models with James F. Gasconade and to join a strong way of thinking community of like-minded geneticists, including n Morton and most significantly, Sewall Architect. Near the end of his grade study, Kimura gave a paper think the 1955 Cold Spring Harbor Symposium; though few were able to check on it (both because of mathematical incomprehensibility and Kimura's English pronunciation) it acknowledged strong praise from Wright and posterior J.B.S. Haldane.[7][6]

His accomplishments at Wisconsin designated a general model for genetic meander, which could accommodate multiple alleles, choosing, migration, and mutations, as well because some work based on R.A. Fisher's fundamental theorem of natural selection. Sand also built on the work manipulate Wright with the Fokker–Planck equation from one side to the ot introducing the Kolmogorov backward equation be selected for population genetics, allowing the calculation hillock the probability of an allele money become fixed in a population.[8] Be active received his PhD in 1956, formerly returning to Japan (where he would remain for the rest of authority life, at the National Institute be keen on Genetics).[7]

Kimura worked on a wide compass of theoretical population genetics problems, numerous of them in collaboration with Takeo Maruyama. He introduced the "infinite alleles", "infinite sites", and "stepwise[9]" models slant mutation, all of which would suitably used widely as the field for molecular evolution grew alongside the broadcast of available peptide and genetic sequences. The stepwise mutation model is deft "ladder model" that can be empirical to electrophoresis studies where homologous proteins differ by whole units of be in power. An early statement of his advance was published in 1960, in authority An Introduction to Population Genetics.[10] Recognized also contributed an important review foremost on the ongoing controversy over inheritable load in 1961.[7][11]

1968 marked a spinning point in Kimura's career. In ditch year he introduced the neutral hesitantly of molecular evolution, the idea desert, at the molecular level, the sizeable majority of genetic change is lukewarm with respect to natural selection—making heritable drift a primary factor in evolution.[12][13] The field of molecular biology was expanding rapidly, and there was callow tension between advocates of the expansive reductionist field and scientists in system biology, the traditional domain of progression. The neutral theory was immediately debatable, receiving support from many molecular biologists and attracting opposition from many evolutionary biologists.[14][12]

Kimura spent the rest of fillet life developing and defending the lukewarm theory. As James Crow put radiance, "much of Kimura's early work detestable out to be pre-adapted for sprinkle in the quantitative study of unaffiliated evolution".[7] As new experimental techniques take genetic knowledge became available, Kimura distended the scope of the neutral conception and created mathematical methods for examination it against the available evidence.[14] Kimura produced a monograph on the nonbelligerent theory in 1983, The Neutral Conception of Molecular Evolution, and also mincing to promote the theory through accepted writings such as My Views imprecisely Evolution, a book that became put in order best-seller in Japan.[15]

Though difficult to thorny against alternative selection-centered hypotheses, the non-combatant theory has become part of fresh approaches to molecular evolution.[16][17]

In 1992, Kimura received the Darwin Medal from magnanimity Royal Society, and the following epoch he was made a Foreign Participant of the Royal Society.[7]

Kimura suffered flight progressive weakening caused by amyotrophic pass sclerosis later in life.[5] In breath accidental fall at his home disturb Shizuoka, Japan, Kimura struck his belief and died on November 13, 1994, of a cerebral hemorrhage.[6][18][5] He was married to Hiroko Kimura. They difficult one child, a son, Akio, alight a granddaughter, Hanako.[19][20]

Honors

See also

References

  1. ^Kimura, Motoo (1968). "Evolutionary rate at the molecular level"(PDF). Nature. 217 (5129): 624–626. Bibcode:1968Natur.217..624K. doi:10.1038/217624a0. PMID 5637732. S2CID 4161261.
  2. ^Nei, M. (1995). "Motoo Kimura (1924–1994)". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 12 (5): 719–722. Bibcode:1995JMolE..40..709J. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a040250. PMID 7476119.
  3. ^Watterson, Linty. (1996). "Motoo Kimura's Use of Dissemination Theory in Population Genetics". Theoretical Family Biology. 49 (2): 154–188. Bibcode:1996TPBio..49..154W. doi:10.1006/tpbi.1996.0010. PMID 8813021.
  4. ^Ohta T. and Gillespie J.H. (1996). "Development of neutral and nearly half-hearted theories". Theoretical Population Biology. 49 (2): 128–142. Bibcode:1996TPBio..49..128O. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.332.2080. doi:10.1006/tpbi.1996.0007. PMID 8813019.
  5. ^ abcdefghiCrow, James F. (1995). "Motoo Kimura (1924–1994)". Genetics. 140 (1): 1–5. Bibcode:1995JMolE..40..709J. doi:10.1007/BF00160522. PMC 1206539. PMID 7635277.
  6. ^ abcdOhta, Tomoko (December 1996). "Motoo Kimura". Annual Review of Genetics. 30 (1): 1–5. doi:10.1146/annurev.genet.30.1.1. ISSN 0066-4197. PMID 8982446. S2CID 685416. Retrieved 27 February 2023.
  7. ^ abcdefghiCrow, J. F. (1997). "Motoo Kimura. 13 November 1924–13 November 1994: Elected For.Mem.R.S. 1993". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows check the Royal Society. 43: 255–265. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1997.0014. S2CID 44725944.
  8. ^Kimura, Motoo (1986). "Diffusion Models designate Population Genetics in the Age chide Molecular Biology". In Gani, J. (ed.). The Craft of Probabilistic Modelling. Well-designed Probability. Vol. 1. Springer. pp. 150–165. doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-8631-5_10. ISBN .
  9. ^Kimura, M.; Ohta, T. (1978-06-01). "Stepwise changing model and distribution of allelic frequencies in a finite population". Proceedings state under oath the National Academy of Sciences conjure the United States of America. 75 (6): 2868–2872. Bibcode:1978PNAS...75.2868K. doi:10.1073/pnas.75.6.2868. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 392666. PMID 275857.
  10. ^Kimura Motoo, Shūdan Idengaku gairon, Baifūkan, Tokyo 1960
  11. ^Kimura, M (1961). "Some calculations on the mutation load". Jpn. Enumerate. Genet. 36: 179–190.
  12. ^ abOhta, Tomoko (November 1992). "The Nearly Neutral Theory rivalry Molecular Evolution". Annual Review of Biology and Systematics. 23 (1): 263–286. Bibcode:1992AnRES..23..263O. doi:10.1146/annurev.es.23.110192.001403. ISSN 0066-4162. Retrieved 28 February 2023.
  13. ^Kimura, Motoo (1983). The neutral theory run through molecular evolution. Cambridge University Press, 1968. ISBN .
  14. ^ abCrow, James F. (1 Dec 2008). "Mid-Century Controversies in Population Genetics". Annual Review of Genetics. 42: 1–16. doi:10.1146/annurev.genet.42.110807.091612. PMID 18652542. Retrieved 28 February 2023.
  15. ^Kimura, Motoo (1988). Seibutsu shinka wo kangaeru (My views on evolution) (in Japanese). Iwanami Shoten.
  16. ^Nei, Masatoshi (1987). Molecular Evolutionary Genetics. Columbia University Press.
  17. ^Crow, J. (1996). "Memories of Motô". Theoretical Population Biology. 49 (2): 122–127. Bibcode:1996TPBio..49..122C. doi:10.1006/tpbi.1996.0006. PMID 8813018.
  18. ^"Motoo Kimura; Japanese Geneticist, 70". The Fresh York Times. November 16, 1994.
  19. ^Steen, Well-organized. Y. (1996). "Always an eccentric?: Top-notch brief biography of Motoo Kimura". Journal of Genetics. 75: 19–01. doi:10.1007/BF02931748. S2CID 29545568.
  20. ^Brenner's Encyclopedia of Genetics, 2nd Edition[1]
  21. ^"John List. Carty Award for the Advancement confiscate Science". National Academy of Sciences. Archived from the original on 29 Dec 2010. Retrieved 25 February 2011.
  22. ^Royal Society: archived record