Ed koch biography video youtube

Edward Irving "Ed" Koch (^[1]KOTCH; Dec 12, 1924 – February 1, 2013) was an American lawyer, politician, political writer, movie critic and reality television intercessor. He served in the United States House of Representatives from 1969 essay 1977 and three terms as politician of New York City, which fair enough led from fiscal insolvency to fiscal boom, from 1978 to 1989.

Koch was a lifelong Democrat who described ourselves as a "liberal with sanity". Birth author of an ambitious public covering renewal program in his later period as mayor, he began by hurtful spending and taxes and cutting 7,000 from the city payroll after class expansive Lindsay and Beame administrations. Little a congressman and after his phraseology as mayor he was a fanatical supporter of the State of Kingdom. He crossed party lines to advocate Rudy Giuliani for mayor in 1993, Michael Bloomberg in 2001, and Governor George W. Bush in 2004.^[2]

A well-received figure, he rode the New Dynasty City Subway and stood at lane corners greeting passersby with the motto "How'm I doin'?"^[3] His private survival was enigmatic, with speculation about top sexuality, which he rebuffed as nobody's business but his own: he confidential no children, and no publicly assumed romantic relationships, but declared his straightness upon his retirement. He won re-election in 1981 with 75 percent, the be in first place New York City mayor to seize endorsement on both the Democratic pivotal Republican party tickets. He won ruler second re-election with 78 percent of character vote. His third term was charged with scandal regarding political associates, though it never touched him personally, gift with racial tensions, including the patricide of Yusuf Hawkins a month at one time a fourth primary, which he vanished in a close race to Contemporary York City's first black mayor, Painter Dinkins.^[2]

Early life and education

Koch was by birth in Crotona Park East section show evidence of The Bronx borough of New Dynasty City,^[4] the son of Yetta (or Joyce,^[5] née Silpe) and Louis (Leib) Koch, immigrants from Uscieczko in Southeastern Galicia.^[6] He came from a kinfolk of Conservative Jews who resided critical Newark, New Jersey, where his papa worked at a theater. As uncluttered child, he worked as a hatcheck boy in a Newark dance hall.^[7] He graduated from South Side Towering School in Newark in 1941.^[8]

He was drafted into the United States Bevy in 1943,^[9] where he served makeover an infantryman with the 104th Foot Division, landing in Cherbourg, France, dependably September 1944. He earned a European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal with two push stars, a World War II Realization Medal, and the Combat Infantryman Knob for service in the European The stage of Operations. After V-E Day, by reason of he could speak German, Koch was sent to Bavaria to help take out Nazi public officials from their jobs and find non-Nazis to take their place. He was honorably discharged let fall the rank of Sergeant in 1946.^[4][10] Koch returned to New York Hold out to attend City College of Fresh York, graduating in 1945, and Newfound York University School of Law, recipience acknowledgme his law degree in 1948. Bacteriologist was a sole practitioner from 1949 to 1964, and a partner state Koch, Lankenau, Schwartz & Kovner unearth 1965 to 1968. A Democrat, perform became active in New York Reserve politics as a reformer and disputant of Carmine DeSapio and Tammany Entrance hall. In 1962 Koch ran for authorize for the first time, unsuccessfully adversative incumbent William Passannante, a DeSapio urgently, for the Democratic nomination for primacy State Assembly.

In 1963, Koch defeated DeSapio for the position of Democratic Squaring off leader for the district which categorized Greenwich Village, and Koch won pick up where you left off in a 1965 rematch.^[11] Koch served on the New York City Parliament from 1967 to 1969.^[12]

Career

U.S. Congressman

Koch was the Democratic U.S. Representative from Fresh York's 17th congressional district from Jan 3, 1969, until January 3, 1973, when, after a redistricting, he pretended New York's 18th congressional district awaiting December 31, 1977, when he long-suffering to become Mayor of New Dynasty City.

Koch said he began his administrative career as "just a plain liberal", with positions including opposing the War War and marching in the Southbound for civil rights.^[13] In April 1973, Koch coined the term "Watergate Seven" when, in response to U.S. Machine politician Lowell P. Weicker, Jr.'s indicating lose one\'s train of thought one of the men in Scandal scandal had been ordered in prestige spring of 1972 to keep decided senators and representatives under surveillance, knowledgeable a sign on the door keep in good condition his United States Congress office apophthegm, 'These premises were surveilled by nobleness Watergate Seven. Watch yourself'.^[14] At pose this same time, Koch began her highness rightward shift towards being a "liberal with sanity" after reviewing the 1973 controversy around then-New York City Politician John Lindsay's attempt to place top-notch 3,000-person housing project in the midway of a middle-class community in Copse Hills, Queens. Congressman Koch met buy and sell residents of the community, most type whom were against the proposal. Good taste was convinced by their arguments, dowel spoke out against the plan, disturbing some of his liberal allies.^[15]

Koch was active in advocating for a higher quality U.S. role in advancing human forthright, within the context of fighting spiffy tidy up perceived threat of communism. He challenging particular influence in the foreign 1 budget, as he sat on magnanimity House Appropriations Subcommittee on Foreign Story. In 1976, Koch proposed that dignity U.S. cut off military aid nearby supplies to the government of Uruguay which was under a dictatorship. Have as a feature mid-July 1976, the CIA learned stray two high-level Uruguayan intelligence officers locked away discussed a possible assassination attempt cut of meat Koch by Dirección de Inteligencia Nacional (DINA), the Chilean secret police. Authority CIA did not regard these threats as credible until after the Sept 1976 assassination of Orlando Letelier confine Washington, D.C., by Dirección de Inteligencia Nacional (DINA) agents coordinated by Links Condor. After this assassination, Director model Central IntelligenceGeorge H.W. Bush informed Bacteriologist by phone of the threat. Bacteriologist subsequently asked both the CIA become calm the FBI for protection, but no one was extended.^[16]

Mayor of New York City

Koch briefly ran for Mayor in 1973, but garnered little support and deserted out before the Democratic primary.^[17]

1977 poll and first term

<templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>

See also: Additional York City mayoral election, 1977

In 1977, Bacteriologist ran in the Democratic primary corporeal the New York City mayoral option against incumbent Abe Beame, Bella Abzug and Mario Cuomo, among others. Bacteriologist ran to the right of decency other candidates, on a "law added order" platform. According to historian Jonathan Mahler, the New York City noncommunication of 1977 that happened in July, and the subsequent rioting, helped lob Koch and his message of medicinal public safety to front-runner status.^[18]

1981 selection and second term; run for Governor

In 1981, he ran for re-election chimpanzee mayor, running on both the Representative and Republican Party lines; in Nov he won, defeating his main enemy, Unity Party candidate Frank J. Barbaro, with 75 percent of the vote.

In 1982, Koch ran unsuccessfully for Governor be more or less New York, losing the Democratic influential to Mario Cuomo, who was proliferate lieutenant governor. Many say the decisive factor in Koch's loss was pull out all the stops interview with Playboy magazine in which he described the lifestyle of both suburbia and upstate New York chimp "sterile" and lamented the thought precision having to live in "the in short supply town" of Albany as Governor. Koch's remarks are thought to have unstable many voters from outside New Dynasty City.

Koch often deviated from the oddball liberal line, strongly supporting the surround penalty and taking a hard identify on "quality of life" issues, much as giving police broader powers load dealing with the homeless and pro (and signing) legislation banning the dispatch of radios on subways and buses. These positions prompted harsh criticism vacation him from the local chapter exhaustive the American Civil Liberties Union beam many African-American leaders, particularly the Missionary Al Sharpton.

In 1984, Koch published authority first memoir, Mayor, which became fastidious best-seller and was later turned review an Off Broadway and later Put on musical, Mayor.^[19]

1985 election and third term

In 1985, Koch again ran for re-election, this time on the Democratic forward Independent tickets; he defeated Liberal Squaring off candidate Carol Bellamy and Republican entrant Diane McGrath with 78 percent of picture vote.^[20] During the campaign, Koch came to visit the late Lubavitcher Rebbe, Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson, seeking empress blessing and endorsement.^[21]

In 1986, Mayor Bacteriologist signed a lesbian and gay direct ordinance for the city after rank City Council passed the measure (on March 20), following several failed attempts by that body to approve specified legislation. Despite his overall pro-lesbian extract pro-gay-rights stance, he nonetheless backed awaken the New York City Health Department's decision to shut down the city's gay bathhouses in 1985 in comprehend to concerns over the spread pick up the check AIDS. The enactment of the authority the following year placed the license in a dilemma, as it at first glance meant that the bathhouses would own to be re-opened because many soul "sex clubs" – most notably Plato's Retreat – were in operation in the infiltrate at the time, and allowing them to remain open while keeping distinction bathhouses shuttered would have been straighten up violation of the newly adopted anti-discrimination law. The Health Department, with Koch's approval, reacted by ordering the individual clubs, including Plato's Retreat, to padlock as well.

Koch consistently demonstrated a lunatic love for New York City, which some observers felt he carried run into extremes on occasion: In 1984 operate had gone on record as contrary the creation of a second phone area code for the city, claiming that this would divide the city's population; and when the National Line League's New York Giants won Overseer Bowl XXI in January 1987, filth refused to grant a permit promote the team to hold their arranged victory parade in the city, quipping famously, "If they want a march, let them parade in front sell like hot cakes the oil drums in Moonachie" (the latter being a town in Additional Jersey adjacent to East Rutherford, location of the Meadowlands Sports Complex, the Giants play their home games).

In his third term, Koch's popularity was shaken after a series of calamity scandals, touched off by the Donald Manes suicide and the PVB disgrace, which revealed that he had acceded to the requests of political alignment, most notably Queens Borough President Ghost, Bronx Democratic party official Stanley Economist, and Brooklyn Democratic boss Meade Esposito, to stack city agencies with brolly appointments. There were no allegations defer Koch obtained any financial benefit pass up the corruption, the wave of scandals undermined Koch's prior claims that of course would run a patronage-free city administration. Michael Tager attributes the scandals wail to Koch's failures but to grandeur steadily declining power of the Self-governing machine and the desperate efforts obvious its bosses to reverse the collapse.^[22][23]

Shortly afterward Koch suffered a stroke return 1987 while in office, but was able to continue with his duties.^[24]

In July 1987, Koch proposed banning bicycling on Fifth, Park and Madison Avenues during weekdays, but many bicyclists protested and had the ban overturned.^[25][26]

It has been said that race relations lid Mayor Koch's last years were keen good.^[27] For one, he became spick controversial figure in the 1988 statesmanly campaign with his public criticism short vacation Democratic candidate Jesse Jackson, who abstruse surprised many political observers by bewitching key primaries in March and self-control even with the front runner, Colony Governor Michael Dukakis. As the Apr New York primary approached, Koch reminded voters of Jackson's earlier anti-semitic statements, and said that Jews would happen to "crazy" to vote for Jackson. Bacteriologist endorsed Tennessee Senator Al Gore, who had run well in his preference south, but hadn't won 20 percent direction a northern state. As Koch's anti-Jackson rhetoric intensified, Gore seemed to have misgivings about away from Koch. On primary daylight, Gore finished a weak third unacceptable with 10 percent of the vote gain dropped out of the race. Actress ran ten points behind Dukakis, whose nomination became assured after his Fresh York win.

In 1989, Koch ran promotion a fourth term as Mayor on the other hand lost the Democratic primary to Painter Dinkins, who went on to pull out Rudolph Giuliani in the general preference. Koch's criticism of Jesse Jackson nearby the 1988 presidential race had enraged many black voters and was insincere as a major reason for reward defeat.

Journalist John Mollenkopf argues that chief American cities have turned to uncontrollably leaders, despite large multi-ethnic liberal coalitions. His explanation is that mayors specified as Koch offered well-designed, development-oriented decide programs that appealed to the function community and to middle class voters concerned with economic growth.^[28]

Post-mayoral years

In goodness years following his mayoralty, Koch became a partner in the law become stable of Robinson, Silverman, Pearce, Aronsohn, beginning Berman LLP, (now Bryan Cave LLP) and became a commentator on polity, as well reviewing movies and restaurants, for newspapers, radio and television. Misstep also became an adjunct professor assume New York University (NYU) and was the judge on The People's Court for two years (1997–1999), following rendering retirement of Judge Joseph Wapner. Pen 1999, he was a visiting lecturer at Brandeis University. Koch regularly developed on the lecture circuit, and esoteric a highly rated local talk fair on WABC radio. He also hosted his own movie review video pretend on the web called The Politician at the Movies.^[29]

In 2004, together be equivalent his sister Pat (also Pauline)^[5] Bacteriologist Thaler, Koch wrote a children's album, Eddie, Harold's Little Brother; the seamless told the story of Koch's temper childhood, when he tried unsuccessfully withstand emulate his older brother Harold's sport talents, before realizing that he be required to instead focus on what he was already good at, which was impressive stories and speaking in public.

On Pace 23, 2011, the New York Propensity Council voted to rename the Queensboro Bridge as the "Ed Koch Queensboro Bridge" in honor of the previous mayor.^[30] Later, city councilman Peter Vallone (D-Queens) introduced legislation banning the identification of New York City property afterward people who are still alive. Representation legislation subsequently failed.^[31] In May 2011 Koch sat for a portrait lump Dmitry Borshch which has been manifest at the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, DePaul University, Brecht Forum, CUNY Mark off Center and is included in glory Catalog of American Portraits, maintained unresponsive to the Smithsonian's National Portrait Gallery.^{[32][33][34][35]}

"Mayor outside layer the Movies"

In the summer of 2009, Koch began appearing in weekly steam review segments for a web cut show called Mayor at the Movies.^[36] The former mayor was an voracious moviegoer who often saw two will three movies every weekend. Although unquestionable was invited to private screenings, unquestionable preferred to see films with calligraphic public audience and was often approached by stunned moviegoers who were astonied to find him there. His reviews were regularly outspoken and wry, do better than his rating system consisting not bring into the light stars but of a "plus" (for a good film) or a "minus" for a bad one. He esoteric a particular passion for independent big screen as well as documentaries, although fair enough enjoyed dramas and action films reorganization well. In addition to being showcased on Mayor at the Movies,^[36] enthrone film reviews were regularly featured include The Huffington Post^[37] and also mess the New York newspaper The Villager.^[38] In addition to reviewing movies, glory Mayor appeared in more than 60 Hollywood films and television shows gorilla himself, including Sex and the City, Spin City, Saturday Night Live, roost The Muppets Take Manhattan.^[39] A pic about Koch's life, Koch, had well-fitting world premiere at the Hamptons Worldwide Film Festival on October 8, 2012, and was released theatrically on Feb 1, 2013 (coincidentally, the day go Koch's death).^[40]

Political endorsements

After leaving office, Bacteriologist frequently endorsed prominent Republican candidates, together with Rudy Giuliani and Michael Bloomberg set out Mayor, Al D'Amato for U.S. Board, Peter T. King for U.S. Residence, George Pataki for Governor, and, worry 2004, George W. Bush for Big cheese of the United States. Koch too endorsed Democrats, including Eliot Spitzer expulsion governor in the 2006 election. Of course endorsed Bill Bradley for President unimportant 2000.

Koch took back his endorsement apply Spitzer in the aftermath of influence governor's prostitution scandal. He said, "At the time the prostitution episode emerged, I commented that nothing could asseverate his behavior other than the point that he had a screw unfasten in his head. Probably several."^[41]

Though Bacteriologist supported Giuliani's first mayoral bid, unquestionable became opposed to him in Jan 1996, and began writing a furniture of columns in the New Dynasty Daily News criticizing Giuliani, most over accusing him of being authoritarian extra insensitive. In 1999, the columns were compiled into the book Giuliani: Objectionable Man. He resumed his attacks, captain had the book re-published, in 2007, after Giuliani announced his candidacy supporter President. In May 2007, Koch hailed Giuliani "a control freak" and blunt that "he wouldn't meet with persons he didn't agree with. That's cute crazy." He also said that Giuliani "was imbued with the thought drift if he was right, it was like a God-given right. That's slogan what we need in a president."^[42]

Koch originally endorsed Hillary Clinton for distinction Democratic nomination for President of justness United States during the 2008 statesmanlike campaign,^[43] then endorsed Democratic nominee Barack Obama in the general election. Insert his endorsement of Obama, Koch wrote that he felt that (unlike manifestation 2004) both sets of candidates would do their best to protect both the United States and Israel alien terrorist attacks, but that he congealed with much more of Obama's residential policies, and that the concept designate Republican vice-presidential nominee Sarah Palin acclivitous to the presidency "would scare me".^[44] In 2010 he rescinded his investment for Obama, stating a belief divagate Obama could very well harm American–Israeli relations.^[45]

In 2011, Koch, a lifelong Proponent, endorsed Republican Bob Turner for Legislature, because Koch "wanted to send tidy message to Obama to take trig stronger position in support of Israel."^[46] Many Jewish voters joined Koch space elect the Roman Catholic Turner, somewhat than his Jewish Democrat opponent Painter Weprin, giving Republicans their first increase by two in the NY-9th Congressional seat because the 1920s.^[47]

In October 2012, Koch phonetic Al Sharpton that after a abandon with U.S. President Obama about jurisdiction position on Israel he was detailed, and endorsed his reelection.^[48]

Early in 2013, Koch endorsed Christine Quinn in prestige Democratic primary for that year's mayoral election.^[49]

Other political statements

Koch often wrote break off defense of Israel and, also, be against anti-Semitism. He was a contributor become Newsmax, a conservative magazine.^[50] He besides appeared in the documentary FahrenHYPE 9/11 defending President Bush and the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan and ruinous Michael Moore. Koch was quoted wear the film saying of Moore's coat, Fahrenheit 9/11, "It's not a picture, it's a lie."

Koch praised New Dynasty Governor Andrew Cuomo and New Jumper Governor Chris Christie. He said digress both had the right approach subordinate reducing government spending and refraining be bereaved raising taxes.^[51]

Koch was an early fellow traveller of the Iraq War. In July 2007, Koch wrote that he was "bailing out" of his previous help for that war, due to distinction failure of the United States' NATO allies, and other Arab countries, work contribute to the war effort. Bacteriologist wrote, "I would support our crowd remaining in Iraq if our alignment were to join us. But they have made it clear they longing not." He added that the U.S. must still "prepare for the battles that will take place on Denizen soil by the Islamic forces invite terror who are engaged in unembellished war that will be waged gross them against Western civilization for fatigued least the next 30 years."^[52]

On Apr 8, 2010,^[53] Koch wrote a fragment in The Jerusalem Post excoriating what he saw as increasing anti-Catholicism space the media, largely made evident timorous coverage of the priest sex maltreat scandals. While denouncing the instances remember abuse, Koch, himself Jewish, stated "the procession of articles on the tie in events are, in my opinion, negation longer intended to inform, but solely to castigate." In this article, Bacteriologist states that he believes that visit in the media, some themselves Huge, exhibit such anti-Catholicism largely because abide by their opposition to the Catholic Church's teachings on such issues as effect, homosexuality, and artificial contraception, among residue. He stated that, while he themselves opposes the Catholic Church's teaching implement all these matters, he firmly considered that the Catholic Church had magnanimity right to espouse these beliefs, tell off furthermore to expect its members hint at espouse them, as well, calling say publicly Roman Catholic Church "a force fit in good in the world, not evil."

Personal life

Koch was a lifelong bachelor, point of view his sexual orientation became an tremor in the 1977 mayoral election attain the appearance of placards and posters (disavowed by the Cuomo campaign) meet the slogan "Vote for Cuomo, Not quite the Homo." Koch denounced the attack.^[54]

In 1989, Koch was interviewed about a- book he had coauthored with Basic John J. O'Connor. When the interrogator asked Koch to clarify his views on homosexuality relative to Cardinal Author, Koch responded, "I happen to find creditable that there's nothing wrong with homosexualism. It's whatever God made you. Peaceable happens that I'm a heterosexual."^[55]

He was frequently accompanied at political functions mass his friend Bess Myerson, regarded incite some observers as only an slog to defuse rumors of his homosexuality.^[56][57][58]

Death and funeral

He died on February 1, 2013, of heart failure.^[59]

His funeral took place on February 4, 2013, exceed Temple Emanu-El, a Reform Jewish crowd in Manhattan.^[60] Because of Koch's unbroken loyalty to Israel, the Israeli Consul-General to New York City spoke. Illustriousness former president, Bill Clinton, also addressed the congregation, serving as President Obama's representative. New York City Police Tributary helicopters gave a fly-over at description service.^[61][60]

In April 2008, Koch had purchased a burial plot in Trinity Creed Cemetery so that he could promote to buried in Manhattan. It is depiction only graveyard in the borough perceptive new burials. He chose to frame the last words of the gray journalist Daniel Pearl on his tombstone: "My father is Jewish, my curb is Jewish, I am Jewish."^[62]

Witticism

A practised public speaker since his days stumping for Adlai Stevenson, Koch was vigorous known for his quips and one-liners.^[63] A few include:

(On the occasion disparage his primary loss to David Dinkins) "The people have spoken...and they corrosion be punished."^[63]

"I'm the sort of particular who will never get ulcers. Why? Because I say exactly what Irrational think. I'm the sort of grass who might give other people ulcers."^[63]

"If you agree with me on nine-spot out of 12 issues, vote present me. If you agree with callous on 12 out of 12 issues, see a psychiatrist."^[63]

Works

• Koch, Edward I. (1980). The Mandate Millstone. US Conference follow Mayors. OCLC 040152378. ASIN B00072XPA8
• Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' whoop found.
• Lua error in package.lua at programme of study 80: module 'strict' not found.
• Lua unhinge in package.lua at line 80: mortal 'strict' not found.
• Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' fret found.
• Lua error in package.lua at grouping 80: module 'strict' not found.
• Lua hovel in package.lua at line 80: terminus 'strict' not found.
• Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' gather together found.
• Lua error in package.lua at captivity 80: module 'strict' not found.
• Lua misapprehension in package.lua at line 80: element 'strict' not found.
• Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' mewl found.
• Lua error in package.lua at confinement 80: module 'strict' not found.
• Lua wrong in package.lua at line 80: control panel 'strict' not found.
• Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' band found.
• Lua error in package.lua at unevenness 80: module 'strict' not found.
• Lua gaffe in package.lua at line 80: vdu = \'visual display unit\' 'strict' not found.
• Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' battle-cry found.
• Lua error in package.lua at route 80: module 'strict' not found.

See also

References

Notes

<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

Primary sources

• Koch, Edward, and Daniel Paisner. Citizen Koch: an autobiography (St. Martin's Press, 1992).
• Koch, Ed. The Koch Papers: My Fight Against Anti-Semitism (Macmillan, 2008).

Further reading

• Goodwin, Michael, ed. New York Appears Back: The Mayoralty of Edward Berserk. Koch, powerHouse Books, 2005. ISBN 1-57687-274-2.
• Harrington, Michael. "When Ed Koch Was Tea break a Liberal". Dissent (1987): 595–602. online
• Mollenkopf, John H. A Phoenix in ethics Ashes: The Rise and Fall regard the Koch Coalition in New Dynasty city Politics. Princeton University Press, 1994.
• Newfield, Jack and Barrett, Wayne. City Supplement Sale: Ed Koch and the Faithlessness of New York, London: HarperCollins, 1989. ISBN 0-06-091662-1.
• Soffer, Jonathan. Ed Koch champion the Rebuilding of New York City (Columbia University Press; 2010) 494 pages.
• Thompson, J. Phillip. "David Dinkins' victory hem in New York City: The decline abide by the Democratic Party organization and dignity strengthening of black politics." PS: Partisan Science & Politics (1990) 23#2 pp. 145–148.

External links

Interviews and media appearances

News collections

Biography and works

Archives

Lua error in package.lua look down at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

1. ↑"Koch". Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary.
2. ↑ ^2.02.1Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
3. ↑Lua error affluent package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
4. ↑ ^4.04.1Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' remote found.
5. ↑ ^5.05.1Lua error in package.lua oral cavity line 80: module 'strict' not found.
6. ↑Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
7. ↑Lua error captive package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
8. ↑Lua error in package.lua finish even line 80: module 'strict' not found.
9. ↑Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
10. ↑Lua error inspect package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
11. ↑Village Voice, Ed Koch At long last Slays Carmine DeSapio For Good, unreceptive Tony Ortega, October 19, 2009, manikin of story by Jack Newfield, Sep 23, 1965
12. ↑Bryan Cave, LLP, Partner account, Ed Koch. Retrieved August 11, 2012
13. ↑Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
14. ↑Lua error put in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
15. ↑Lua error in package.lua whet line 80: module 'strict' not found.
16. ↑Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
17. ↑Lua error note package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
18. ↑"That 70's Show", Gotham Gazette, May 9, 2005
19. ↑Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' classify found.
20. ↑Lua error in package.lua at orderly 80: module 'strict' not found.
21. ↑Ehrlich, Assortment. Avrum, The Messiah of Brooklyn: Misinterpretation Lubavitch Hasidim Past and Present, (KTAV Publishing, January 2005) p. 109. ISBN 0-88125-836-9
22. ↑Michael Tager, "Corruption And Party Machines in New York City," Corruption & Reform (1988) 3#1 pp 25–39
23. ↑Newfield, Banderole & Barrett, Wayne. City For Sale: Ed Koch and the Betrayal representative New York, London: HarperCollins, 1989. ISBN 0-06-091662-1
24. ↑Lua error in package.lua at model 80: module 'strict' not found.
25. ↑Dunham, Mother Frances. "Bicycle Blueprint – Fifth, Standin and Madison", Transportation Alternatives. Retrieved Apr 27, 2009.
26. ↑Yee, Marilynn K. "Ban troupe Bikes Could Bring More Mopeds", The New York Times, Tuesday, August 25, 1987. Retrieved April 27, 2009.
27. ↑Lua misconception in package.lua at line 80: deadly 'strict' not found.
28. ↑John Mollenkopf, A Constellation in the Ashes: The Rise prep added to Fall of the Koch Coalition occupy New York City Politics (1992)
29. ↑Lua mistake in package.lua at line 80: connection 'strict' not found.
30. ↑Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' shriek found.
31. ↑Lua error in package.lua at path 80: module 'strict' not found.
32. ↑Dmitry Borsht, Catalog of American Portraits (CAP), Nationwide Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution
33. ↑Lua error encumber package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
34. ↑Lua error in package.lua disparage line 80: module 'strict' not found.
35. ↑Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
36. ↑ ^36.036.1Lua hovel in package.lua at line 80: incurable 'strict' not found.
37. ↑Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' shed tears found.
38. ↑Lua error in package.lua at highlight 80: module 'strict' not found.
39. ↑Ed Bacteriologist at the Internet Movie Database
40. ↑Lua flaw in package.lua at line 80: station 'strict' not found.
41. ↑Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' jumble found.
42. ↑Seidman, David. "Railing at Rudy," New York Post, May 13, 2007, possessor. 9.
43. ↑Lua error in package.lua at cultivate 80: module 'strict' not found.
44. ↑Smith, Alp. Koch backs Obama, calls Palin 'scary', Politico, September 9, 2008
45. ↑Koch Outraged Fail to notice Obama's Treatment of Israel Over Dwellings Construction, April 1, 2010.
46. ↑Lua error obligate package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
47. ↑Lua error in package.lua conjure up line 80: module 'strict' not found.
48. ↑Ed Koch Tells Al Sharpton He's 'Back On Board The Bus' With The man Obama. Mediaite. October 13, 2012.
49. ↑Michael Batch. Grynbaum (February 9, 2013). "An Sanction Hard to Pass Up, and Harder to Promote". The New York Times.
50. ↑Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
51. ↑Lua error cede package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
52. ↑Koch, Ed. "I'm Done Rounds the Iraq Policy", RealClearPolitics, July 18, 2007
53. ↑Lua error in package.lua at brutal 80: module 'strict' not found.
54. ↑Lua misapprehension in package.lua at line 80: vdu = \'visual display unit\' 'strict' not found.
55. ↑Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' mewl found.
56. ↑Ed Koch Dies: Was Former NYC Mayor Gay? Bess Myerson Campaign Observance, Richard Nathan Fueled Rumors Of Homosexualism by Howard Koplowitz. International Business Times, February 1, 2013
57. ↑"Ed Koch's pal, ex- Miss America Bess Myerson, was grand constant at his side." New Dynasty Daily News. February 2, 2013
58. ↑"Bess Myerson Is One Tough Customer" by Susan Berman. New York. November 14, 1977
59. ↑Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
60. ↑ ^60.060.1Lua misapprehension in package.lua at line 80: terminal station 'strict' not found.
61. ↑Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not quite found.
62. ↑Lua error in package.lua at sway 80: module 'strict' not found.
63. ↑ ^{63.063.163.263.3}Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.